INTERNATIONAL LAW IN CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVEPDF电子书下载

PART ONE.THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY CONTEXT 1

CHAPTER Ⅰ.GLOBAL CONSTITUTIVE PROCESS:HOW INTERNATIONAL LAW IS MADE AND APPLIED 1

Section 1.International Law as a Process of Authoritative Decision 1

Section 2.The Making and Application of International Law 7

Section 3.The Context of the World Social Process 91

Section 4.The Global Process of Effective Power 95

Section 5.The Major Features of the Global Constitutive Process of Authoritative Decision 99

A.Expansion of the Authority of the United Nations vis-avis Non-Members 107

B.Expansion of the Inclusive Legislative Power 114

C.Expansion of the Executive Power 138

D.Expansion of Judicial Competence 142

Section 6.Major Features of Contemporary World Public Order 144

Section 7.Perspectives for an International Law of Human Dignity 148

PART TWO.TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES AS PARTICIPANTS IN WORLD PUBLIC ORDER 154

Introduction.The Role of Territorial Communities in World Social Process 154

CHAPTER Ⅱ.THE ESTABLISHMENT OF TERRITORIAL ENTITIES AS PARTICIPANTS IN AUTHORITATIVE DECISION 159

Section 1.Establishment by Internal Elites 159

A.Authoritative Doctrines Facilitating Freedom of Establishment 160

B.Authoritative Doctrines Limiting Freedom of Establishment 169

Section 2.Authoritative Establishment by External Elites 188

A.Authoritative Doctrines Facilitating Establishment 188

Section 3.Establishment of Associated States 196

CHAPTER Ⅲ.THE ESTABLISHMENT AND REGULATION OF ACCESS TO ARENAS 204

Section 1.The Establishment and Maintenance of Communications Between Bodies Politic 204

A.The Initiation of Communications 204

B.Appropriate Authorities for the Conduct of Negotiations 205

C.The Classification of Diplomatic Agents and Their Functions 206

D.The Sending and Receiving of Missions and Individuals 209

E.The Absence of a Right to Legation 211

F.The Right of Agreation 211

G.The Power to Demand Recall 213

Section 2.The Protection of the Communications Process (Diplomatic Immunity) 213

A.Procedure for Establishing Immunities 221

B.Facilities and Agents Accorded Immunities 222

C.Communications 237

D.Persons Accorded Immunity 253

Section 3.The Special Problem of Diplomatic Asylum 260

CHAPTER Ⅳ.THE DOCTRINES AND PRACTICES OF RECOGNITION 301

Section 1.Recognition as Authoritative State Decision 303

A.Decision as Fact 303

B.Officials Authorized to Recognize 305

C.Modes of Recognition 306

D.General Community Policies Relating to Recognition 307

Section 2.Trends in Past Practice Relating to Recognition 315

A.The Limits Upon Premature Recognition 315

B.Alleged Duty to Recognize 316

C.International Duty to Withhold Recognition 329

D.Alleged Duty to Withdraw Recognition 374

Section 3.Consequences of Recognition Decisions 377

A.Consequences in External Arenas 377

B.Consequences within the Internal Arenas of States 378

Section 4.Admission to Organized Arenas 410

A.The United Nations 410

B.The International Court of Justice 426

C.Participation Controversies:Credentials and Representation 429

PART THREE.THE BASES OF POWER OF STATES 432

Introduction 432

CHAPTER Ⅴ.CLAIMS TO COMPREHENSIVE AND CONTINUOUS CONTROL OF RESOURCES AS BASES OF POWER 435

Section 1.Claims Relating to Whether Resources are Subject to Exclusive Appropriation 435

Section 2.Resources Heretofore Not Subject to Exclusive Appropriation 448

A.Oceans 448

B.International Rivers 458

C.Air Space over Oceans 473

D.Innovative Ocean Uses 474

E.Polar Areas 480

F.Void in Space 484

G.Fishery Resources of the Oceans 491

Section 3.Resources Subject to Exclusive Appropriation 499

A.Land Masses 499

B.Superjacent Airspace 503

C.Internal Waters 511

D.Territorial Seas,Straits,and Rights of International Passage 524

E.Continental Shelf 542

F.Contiguous and Exclusive Economic Zones 591

Section 4.Claims Relating to the Modalities of Establishing Exclusive Appropriation 610

A.Claims to Establish Exclusive Appropriation on the Basis of Discovery and Symbolic Acts 610

B.Claims to Establish Exclusive Appropriation on the Basis of Effective Occupation 615

Section 5.Claims Relating to Modalities of Transferring Appropriated Resources 658

A.By Agreement 659

B.By Modalities Other Than Agreement 665

Section 6.Claims Relating to Boundaries 678

A.Land Boundaries 678

B.River Boundaries 686

C.Ocean Boundaries 694

D.Air and Space Boundaries 744

Section 7.Servitudes:Claims to Rights in the Territory of Another 745

Section 8.Claims Relating to the Protection of the Comprehensive Environment 761

A.General Environmental Concern 761

B.Summary Trends 763

C.Marine Environment 774

D.Specific Military Prohibitions 777

CHAPTER Ⅵ.CLAIMS TO COMPREHENSIVE AND CONTINUING CONTROL OF PEOPLE AS BASES OF POWER 788

Introduction 788

Section 1.Claims to Characterize People 791

Section 2.Claims to Ascribe Nationality or Membership Status by Exclusively Chosen Criteria 803

A.Ascription of Nationality to People 803

B.Ascriptions of Nationality to Corporations and Other Entities 831

Section 3.Claims to Protect People 849

A.Claims Regarding the Requirement of a "National Link" as a Condition for Exercising Protection 849

B.Claims Regarding Exhaustion of Local Remedies 852

C.Claims Regarding Waiver of Protection:Calvo Clauses 858

D.Claims Regarding the Modalities of Protection 862

Section 4.Claims to Withdraw or Terminate Nationality Upon Exclusively Chosen Criteria 879

Section 5.Claims Regarding Multiple Nationality 900

Section 6.Claims Regarding Statelessness (Absence of Nationality) 921

Section 7.Claims to Control Access to Territory 925

Section 8.Claims to Exercise Control Over People Within State Territory:State Responsibility and Human Rights 941

PART FOUR.THE STRATEGIES BY WHICH STATES SHAPE AND SHARE POWER AND OTHER VALUES 964

CHAPTER Ⅶ.THE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE MILITARY INSTRUMENT 964

Section 1.Aggression and Self-Defense 964

Section 2.Preparation for War 998

Section 3.Prohibition of Certain Weapons 1003

Section 4.Disarmament and Arms Control 1018

Section 5.Covert Operations 1022

Section 6.Overt Operations Short of War:Reprisals and Retorsion 1033

Section 7.Conduct of War 1033

Section 8.War Crimes 1042

Section 9.Belligerent Occupation 1056

Section 10.Non-State Violence 1066

CHAPTER Ⅷ.THE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE ECONOMIC INSTRUMENT 1072

Section 1.Regulation of Deprivations:Inclusive Competence 1072

Section 2.Regulation of Deprivations:Exclusive Competence 1080

Section 3.Regulation of Economic Indulgence 1094

CHAPTER Ⅸ.THE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE IDEOLOGICAL INSTRUMENT 1101

CHAPTER Ⅹ.THE LEGAL REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT-MAKING 1119

Introduction 1119

Section 1.The Process of Commitment 1121

A.Claims Concerning the Competency of Participants 1121

B.The Permissible Purposes of Agreements:International Prescriptions Regulating Content 1175

C.Claims that Strategies are Coercive Rather Than Persuasive 1177

D.Outcomes:Consent to Be Bound 1180

E.Interpretation:Determining the Content of Agreement 1193

Section 2.The Process of Performance 1218

A.Claims Relating to Changes in Participation 1219

B.Claims Relating to Change in Permissibility of Objectives 1222

C.Claims Relating to Outcomes in Performance or Breach 1223

Section 3.The Process of Change (Amendment,Modification,Withdrawal,Suspension,Denunciation,and Termination) 1236

A.National Prescriptions Relating to Competence to Terminate 1237

B.International Prescriptions Relating to Competence to Terminate 1255

PART FIVE.THE OUTCOMES ACHIEVED BY STATES IN COMPETENCE OVER PARTICULAR EVENTS:"JURISDICTION" 1271

Introduction 1271

CHAPTER Ⅺ.CLAIMS RELATING TO INITIAL COMPETENCES TO PRESCRIBE 1295

Section 1.The Principle of Territoriality 1295

Section 2.The Protective Principle (Including Impact Territoriality) 1319

Section 3.The Principle of Nationality 1370

Section 4.Jurisdiction Based on the Nationality of Corporations 1381

Section 5.The Principle of Passive Personality 1385

CHAPTER Ⅻ.CLAIMS RELATING TO INITIAL COMPETENCES TO APPLY LAW 1393

Section 1.Consent of the Parties 1393

Section 2.Domicile and Residence 1408

Section 3.Location of Property 1413

Section 4.Hot Pursuit 1415

Section 5.Universality 1419

Section 6.United States Constitutional Doctrines 1434

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ.CLAIMS RELATING TO IMMUNITY FROM APPLICATION 1447

Section 1.Sovereign Immunity 1447

Section 2.Forum Non Conveniens and Lis Alibi Pendens 1469

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ.CLAIMS RELATING TO SECONDARY ASSERTIONS OF COMPETENCE 1479

Section 1.Secondary Competence to Prescribe 1480

A.Choice of Law 1480

B.Extradition 1489

Section 2.Secondary Competence to Apply 1512

A.Enforcement of Foreign Judgments 1529

B.Enforcement of International Judgments and Awards 1536

C.Rational Accommodation:Toward a Theory of Reasonableness in Relation to Common Interest 1546

PART SIX.AGGREGATE CHANGES IN TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES 1552

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ.THE PROBLEMS OF GOVERNMENTAL AND STATE SUCCESSION 1552

Introduction 1552

Index 1571