Patterns in crimePDF电子书下载
- 电子书积分:14 积分如何计算积分?
- 作 者:Paul and Patricia Brantingham.
- 出 版 社:
- 出版年份:1984
- ISBN:0023135204
- 页数:403 页
1 Patterns in Crime 1
Introduction 1
Criminology and Criminal Justice 1
Criminology 2
Descriptive Science 2
Formal Logical Science 3
Creative Science 4
Elements of Criminology: The Empirical Science 4
Descriptive Studies of Crime 5
Criminal Law 5
The Criminal Justice System 5
Motivation 6
Criminal Justice 11
Process Issues 11
Content Issues 14
Crime Patterns, Criminology, and Criminal Justice 19
Criminal politics 19
Criminality 19
Criminal Justice System 19
Criminal Events 20
Patterns in Crime 20
Chapter Summary 21
2 Personal Descriptions of Crime 23
Introduction 23
Personal Descriptions of Crime 24
Memoirs 24
Clustered Personal Accounts 27
Systematic Observation 28
Problems with Personal Accounts of Crime 28
Chapter Summary 31
3 Criminal Justice System Records of Crime 32
Introduction 32
Criminal Justice System Structures 33
Outlines of the Criminal Justice Systems in England, Canada, and the United States 34
Criminal Jurisdiction and Criminal Codes 34
Police Organization 35
Prosecution and Defense 36
Criminal Court Organization 36
Correctional System 37
Crime Statistics 38
Judicial Statistics 38
Correctional Statistics 39
Police Statistics 40
Enumerating Crimes 41
Problems with Crime Statistics 41
Defining Crime 42
Case Filtration 43
Problems with Judicial Data 44
Definitional Problems 44
Information Distortion 45
Policy Variations 45
Problems with Police Data 46
Selection and Categorization 46
The Dark Figure of Criminality 49
The Dark Figure of Recording 51
Additional Technical Problems 53
Chapter Summary 56
4 Surveys of Crime 58
Introduction 58
Self-report Studies 58
Problems with Self-report Data 60
Noncomparability 60
Reliability, Validity, and Fair Inference 61
Victimization Surveys 69
The President's Commission Studies: 1965-1967 70
The National Crime Survey 72
Victimization Surveys in Canada 74
Problems with Victimizations Surveys 75
Coverage 75
Comparability 76
Memory Effects 79
Validation Problems 80
Chapter Summary 81
5 Using the Sources of Information About Crime 83
Introduction 83
Assessing Single-Source Information 84
Uniform Crime Reports and Victimization Surveys 84
Homicide Statistics 84
Intercity Correlations 85
Ecological Patterns 86
Commercial Crime and Commercial Victimization 87
Consistency of Reporting Rates 87
Crime Pattern Comparison 88
Self-report, Victimization, and Police Statistics 88
Police Statistics and Other Criminal Justice Statistics 89
Using Multiple-Source Information About Crime 90
Chapter Summary 92
6 Temporal Analysis of Crime 93
Introduction 93
Pattern Analysis 93
Overall Visual Inspection 93
Time-Scale Analysis 95
Graphical Analysis 96
Graphical Manipulation 100
Numerical Analysis 102
Basic Time Series Model 104
Basic Statistical Techniques 107
Regression Analysis of Time Series 112
Chapter Summary 117
7 Modern Temporal Patterns in Crime 119
Introduction 119
Trends Since 1960 in the United States, Canada, and England 120
The United States 120
Canada 131
Comparison of U.S. and Canadian Crime Patterns 136
England and Wales 136
Explanation of Recent Trends 139
Demographic Factors 140
Economic Factors 146
Social Factors 149
Opportunity Factors 155
Criminal-Justice-System Factors 158
Chapter Summary 160
8 Long-Term Patterns in Crime 161
Introduction 161
Data Sources About Historical Crime Patterns 161
Long-Term Crime Patterns in England 162
Crime in Medieval England 162
Crime in Early Modern England: 1550-1700 168
Crime in the Eighteenth Century 172
Crime in the Nineteenth Century 176
Crime in the Twentieth Century 177
Long-Term Crime Patterns in America 180
Crime in the Seventeenth Century 180
Crime in the Eighteenth Century 182
Crime in the Nineteenth Century 185
Crime in the Twentieth Century 188
Long-Term Crime Patterns in Canada 191
Crime Trends 192
The Crime Mix: 1880-1970 195
Long-Term Crime Trends: Approaches to Explanation 196
The Decline in English Homicide Rates 196
The Long Cycles in Crime 199
The Anomalous Canadian Crime Pattern 207
Structural Changes and Crime 209
Chapter Summary 210
9 Spatial Analysis of Crime 211
Introduction 211
Analysis of Absolute Locations 212
Point Data 213
Mapping 213
Analysis of Relative Locations 221
Center of Mass 221
Nearest-Neighbor Analysis 222
Statistical Analysis 224
Problems with Spatial Units 224
Ecological Fallacy 228
Analysis of Flow Data 231
Analysis of Nodes and Routes 233
Distance-Decay Modeling 237
Gravity-Potential Modeling 238
Graph Theory 240
Diffusion Modeling 243
Spatial Theories 244
Macroanalysis 245
Mesoanalysis 245
Microanalysis 247
Chapter Summary 249
10 Macrospatial and Mesospatial Patterns in Crime 251
Introduction 251
The World Crime Pattern in Recent Years 251
Explanations for the World Crime Pattern 258
Crime Patterns Within Three Common Law Countries 261
Regional Studies in the Nineteenth Century 261
Regional Crime Patterns in England and Wales 265
Regional Crime Patterns in Canada 268
Regional Crime Patterns in the United States 274
Intermetropolitan Crime Patterns 279
City Size and Crime Rates 280
Socioeconomic Predictors of Intermetropolitan Crime Patterns 285
Chapter Summary 295
11 Crime Within Cities 297
Introduction 297
Historical Intraurban Crime Patterns 297
The Rookeries of London 298
Crime and Criminal Areas in Nineteenth-Century American Cities 301
Intracity Crime Patterns in the Nineteenth Century 304
The Social Ecology of Crime: The Chicago Model 305
The Chicago Model Applied to Crime: Shaw and McKay 307
Erosion of the Zonal Model of Criminal Area Distribution 312
Recent Intraurban Crime Patterns 319
England and Wales 319
Canada 326
United States 328
Chapter Summary 330
12 Microspatial Analysis of Crime 332
Introduction 332
Environment 332
Behavior 335
Spatial Behavior 336
Basic Model of Target Selection 337
Proposition Ⅰ: Multistaged Search Behavior 338
Proposition Ⅱ: Cue-Emitting Potential of the Environment 340
Proposition Ⅲ: Crime Cues 340
Proposition Ⅳ: Template Construction 341
Proposition Ⅴ: Relative Endurance of a Crime Template 343
Proposition Ⅵ: Limited Number of Templates 343
Criminal Spatial Behavior 344
Crime Trips 344
Distance Perception 346
Activity Spaces 349
Awareness Spaces 352
Formation of an Awareness Space 355
Aggregate Criminal-Spatial Behavior 355
Cognitive Maps 358
Perceived Crime Locations 360
Target Distribution: Opportunity Space 361
Crime Occurrence Space 363
Chapter Summary 365
Bibliography 367
Index 391
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