腓力普二世时代的地中海与地中海世界英文PDF电子书下载

Preface to the English Edition page 13

Preface to the Second Edition 14

Preface to the First Edition 17

Part One THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENT 25

Ⅰ．THE PENINSULAS:MOUNTAINS,PLATEAUX,AND PLAINS 25

1．Mountains Come First 25

Physical and human characteristics 25

Defining the mountains 30

Mountains,civilizations,and religions 34

Mountain freedom 38

The mountains'resources:an assessment 41

Mountain dwellers in the towns 44

Typical cases of mountain dispersion 47

Mountain life:the earliest civilization of the Mediterranean? 51

2．Plateaux,Hills,and Foothills 53

The high plains 53

A hillside civilization 55

The hills 58

3．The Plains 60

Water problems:malaria 62

The improvement of the plains 66

The example of Lombardy 72

Big landowners and poor peasants 75

Short term change in the plains:the Venetian Terraferma 78

Long term change:the fortunes of the Roman Campagna 81

The strength of the plains:Andalusia 82

4．Transhumance and Nomadism 85

Transhumance 85

Nomadism,an older way of life 87

Transhumance in Castile 91

Overall comparisons and cartography 94

Dromedaries and camels:the Arab and Turk invasions 95

Nomadism in the Balkans,Anatolia,and North Africa 98

Cycles spanning the centuries 101

Ⅱ．THE HEART OF THE MEDITERRANEAN:SEAS AND COASTS 103

1．The Plains of the Sea 103

Coastal navigation 103

The early days of Portuguese discovery 108

The narrow seas,home of history 108

The Black Sea,preserve of Constantinople 110

The Archipelago,Venetian and Genoese 115

Between Tunisia and Sicily 116

The Mediterranean Channel 117

The Tyrrhenian Sea 120

The Adriatic 124

East and west of Sicily 133

Two maritime worlds 134

The double lesson of the Turkish and Spanish Empires 135

Beyond politics 137

2．Mainland Coastlines 138

The peoples of the sea 138

Weaknesses of the maritime regions 140

The big cities 145

The changing fortunes of maritime regions 146

3．The Islands 148

Isolated worlds 149

Precarious lives 151

On the paths of general history 154

Emigration from the islands 158

Islands that the sea does not surround 160

The Peninsulas 162

Ⅲ．BOUNDARIES:THE GREATER MEDITERRANEAN 168

A Mediterranean of historical dimensions 168

1．The Sahara,the Second Face of the Mediterranean 171

The Sahara:near and distant boundaries 171

Poverty and want 173

Nomads who travel far 176

Advance and infiltration from the steppe 177

The gold and spice caravans 181

The oases 185

The geographical area of Islam 187

2．Europe and the Mediterranean 188

The isthmuses and their north-south passages 188

The Russian isthmus:leading to the Black and Caspian Sea 191

From the Balkans to Danzig:the Polish isthmus 195

The German isthmus:an overall view 202

The Alps 206

The third character:the many faces of Germany 208

From Genoa tO Antwerp,and from Venice to Hamburg:the conditions of circulation 211

Emigration and balance of trade 214

The French isthmus,from Rouen to Marseilles 216

Europe and the Mediterranean 223

3．The Atlantic Ocean 224

Several Atlantics 224

The Atlantic learns from the Mediterranean 225

The Atlantic destiny in the sixteeth century 226

A late decline 230

Ⅳ．THE MEDITERRANEAN AS A PHYSICAL UNIT:CLIMATE AND HISTORY 231

1．The Unity of the Climate 231

The Atlantic and the Sahara 232

A homogeneous climate 234

Drought:the scourge of the Mediterranean 238

2．The Seasons 246

The winter standstill 246

Shipping at a halt 248

Winter:season of peace and plans 253

The hardships of winter 255

The accelerated rhythm of summer life 256

The summer epidemics 258

The Mediterranean climate and the East 259

Seasonal rhythms and statistics 260

Determinism and economic life 265

3．Has the Climate Changed Since the Sixteenth Century? 267

Supplementary note 272

Ⅴ．THE MEDITERRANEAN AS A HUMAN UNIT:COMMUNICATIONS AND CITIES 276

1．Land Routes and Sea Routes 276

Vital communications 278

Archaic means of transport 282

Did land routes increase in importance towards 1600? 284

The intrinsic problem of the overland route 289

Two sets of evidence from Venice 290

Circulation and statistics:the case of Spain 293

The double problem in the long term 295

2．Shipping:Tonnages and Changing Circumstances 295

Big ships and little ships in the fifteenth century 299

The first victories of the small ships 300

In the Atlantic in the sixteenth century 301

In the Mediterranean 306

3．Urban Functions 312

Towns and Roads 312

A meeting place for different transport routes 316

From roads to banking 318

Urban cycle and decline 322

A very incomplete typology 323

4．Towns,Witnesses to the Century 324

The rise in population 326

Hardships old and new:Famine and the wheat problem 328

Hardships old and new:epidemics 332

The indispensable immigrant 334

Urban political crises 338

The privileged banking towns 341

Royal and imperial cities 344

In favour of capitals 351

From permanence to change 352

Part Two COLLECTIVE DESTINIES AND GENERAL TRENDS 355

Ⅰ．ECONOMIES:THE MEASURE OF THE CENTURY 355

1．Distance,the First Enemy 355

For letter-writers:the time lost in coming and going 355

The dimensions of the sea:some record crossings 358

Average speeds 360

Letters:a special case 363

News,a luxury commodity 365

Present-day comparisons 370

Empires and distance 371

The three missions of Claude du Bourg(1576 and 1577) 374

Distance and the economy 375

Fairs,the supplementary network of economic life 379

Local economies 382

The quadrilateral:Genoa,Milan,Venice,and Florence 387

2．How Many People? 394

A world of 60 or 70 million people 394

Mediterranean waste lands 398

A population increase of 100 per cent? 402

Levels and indices 403

Reservations and conclusions 410

Confirmations and suggestions 412

Some certainties 413

Another indicator:migration 415

3．Is It Possible to Construct a Model of the Mediterranean Economy? 418

Agriculture,the major industry 420

An industrial balance sheet 427

The putting-out or'Verlag'system and the rise of urban industry 430

The system prospered 432

An itinerant labour force 433

General and local trends 434

The volume of commercial transactions 438

The significance and limitations of long distance trade 441

Capitalist concentrations 444

The total tonnage of Mediterranean shipping 445

Overland transport 448

The State:the principal entrepreneur of the century 449

Precious metals and the monetary economy 451

Was one fifth of the population in great poverty? 453

A provisional classification 457

Food,a poor guide:officially rations were always adequate 459

Can our calculations be checked? 460

Ⅱ．ECONOMIES:PRECIOUS METALS,MONEY,AND PRICES 462

1．The Mediterranean and the Gold of the Sudan 463

The flow of precious metals towards the east 463

Sudanese gold:early history 466

The Portuguese in Guinea:gold continues to arrive in the Mediterranean 469

The gold trade and the general economic situation 472

Sudanese gold in North Africa 474

2．American Silver 476

American and Spanish treasure 476

American treasure takes the road to Antwerp 480

The French detour 484

The great route from Barcelona to Genoa and the second cycle of American treasure 487

The Mediterranean invaded by Spanish Coins 493

Italy,the victim of'la moneda larga' 496

The age of the Genoese 500

The Piacenza fairs 504

The reign of paper 508

From the last state bankruptcy under Philip Ⅱ to the first under Philip Ⅲ 510

3．The Rise in Prices 516

Contemporary complaints 519

Was American treasure responsible? 521

Some arguments for and against American responsibility 522

Wages 524

Income from land 525

Banks and in flation 528

The'industrialists' 532

States and the price rise 532

The dwindling of American treasure 536

Devalued currency and false currency 537

Three ages of metal 541

Ⅲ．ECONOMIES:TRADE AND TRANSPORT 543

1．The Pepper Trade 543

Mediterranean revenge:the prosperity of the Red Sea after 1550 545

Routes taken by the Levant trade 549

The revival of the Portuguese pepper trade 554

Portuguese pepper:deals and projects 556

Portuguese pepper is offered to Venice 558

The Welser and Fugger contract:1586-1591 560

The survival of the Levantine spice routes 562

Possible explanations 568

2．Equilibrium and Crisis in the Mediterranean Grain Trade 570

The cereals 570

Some rules of the grain trade 571

The grain trade and the shipping routes 576

Ports and countries that exported grain 579

Eastern grain 583

Equilibrium,crisis,and vicissitudes in the grain trade 584

The first crisis:northern grain at Lisbon and Seville 585

The Turkish wheat boom:1548-1564 591

Eating home-produced bread:Italy's situation between 1564 and 1590 594

The last crisis:imports from the north after 1500 599

Sicily:still the grain store of the Mediterranean 602

On grain crises 604

3．Trade and Transport:The Sailing Ships of the Atlantic 606

Ⅰ．Before 1550:the first arrivals 606

Basque,Biscayan,and even Galician ships 607

The Portuguese 608

Normans and Bretons 609

Flemish ships 612

The first English sailing ships 612

The period of prosperity(1511-1534) 613

Ⅱ．From 1550 to 1573:the Mediterranean left to Mediterranean ships 615

The return of the English in 1572-1573 621

Anglo-Turkish negotiations:1578-1583 625

The success of English shipping 626

The situation at the end of the century 628

The arrival of the Hansards and the Dutch 629

From grain to spices:The Dutch conquer the Mediterranean 630

How the Dutch took Seville after 1570 without firing a shot 636

New Christians in the Mediterranean 640

Abbreviations 642