英语学习策略中的个体差异与文化因素PDF电子书下载

CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Current Trends in Research on Individual Differences in L2 Acquisition 2

1.2 Hypotheses and Significance of This Study 6

1.3 An Outline of the Book 7

CHAPTER 2 Review of Research on Language Learning Strategies 9

2.0 Introduction 9

2.1 Defining and Categorizing Learning Strategies 10

2.1.1 Defining Learning Strategies 10

2.1.2 Categorizing Learning Strategies 16

2.2 Learning Strategies and Language Learning 23

2.2.1 The"Good Language Learner"Studies 23

2.2.2 Correlational Studies Employing Statistical Procedures 26

2.3 Strategic Performance in Different Language Skill Areas 31

2.3.1 Listening 32

2.3.2 Speaking 33

2.3.3 Reading 35

2.3.4 Writing 37

2.3.5 Vocabulary Learning 38

2.4 Factors Affecting Choice of Language Learning Strategies 39

2.4.1 Cultural Heritage 40

2.4.2 Motivation 42

2.4.3 Age and Gender 43

2.4.4 Career Orientation 45

2.4.5 Educational Setting 46

2.5 Conclusion 48

CHAPTER 3 Theoretical Foundation for the Study of Language Learning Strategies in L2 Acquisition 50

3.0 Introduction 50

3.1 Theoretical Development in the Study of LLS in L2 Acquisition 51

3.2 Anderson's Adaptive Control of Thought（ACT）Model 53

3.2.1 Language Learning as Cognitive Learning 54

3.2.2 LLS as Cognitive Skills 57

3.3 Biggs's Student Approaches to Learning（SAL）Framework 64

3.3.1 Surface,Deep and Achieving Approaches to Learning 64

3.3.2 Learning Strategies in the SAL Framework 69

3.4 Gardner's Social-educational Model 73

3.4.1 The Interplay of Social-psychological Variables in the Social-educational Model 74

3.4.2 The Influence of Social-psychological Variables on Students'Choice of LLS 78

3.5 Conclusion 81

CHAPTER 4 Research Methodology 84

4.0 Introduction 84

4.1 The Goals of This Study 84

4.2 Methodological Approach 86

4.3 Adoption and Adaptation of the SILL 91

4.3.1 Procedures 93

4.3.2 Adaptation of the SILL 93

4.3.3 Limitations of the Adapted SILL 99

4.4 Data Collection and Analysis 100

4.4.1 Quantitative Study 100

4.4.2 Qualitative Study 106

4.5 Ethical Considerations 111

4.6 Conclusion 112

CHAPTER 5 The Cultural and Edueational Context of the Present Study 114

5.0 Introduction 114

5.1 The Influence of Chinese Culture on Students'Ways of Learning 115

5.1.1 Collectivism and Interdependent Self in the Chinese Culture 116

5.1.2 Socialization for Achievement 118

5.1.3 Attitudes to Power and Authority 120

5.2 Chinese Traditional Education 122

5.2.1 Overview of Chinese Traditional Education 123

5.2.2 Maxims Concerning Teaching and Learning 124

5.3 EFL Teaching in China 127

5.3.1 Development of EFL Teaching in China 127

5.3.2 Difficulties and Challenges for EFL Teaching in China Today 131

5.3.3 Common Features of Teaching and Learning English in the Chinese Context 133

5.3.4 Some Current Social-economic Influences on Chinese Learners of English 135

5.4 EFL Teaching and Learning in Chinese Universities 137

5.4.1 Teachers 137

5.4.2 Students 139

5.4.3 The English Intensive Reading Course in China 141

5.5 Conclusion 143

CHAPTER 6 Results 145

6.0 Introduction 145

6.1 Differences in Overall Strategy Use 145

6.1.1 The Quantitative Data 146

6.1.2 The Qualitative Data 148

6.2 Differences in Strategy Use in the Six SILL Categories 156

6.2.1 The Quantitative Data 157

6.2.2 The Qualitative Data 162

6.3 Differences in Use of Each Strategy by English Proficiency 179

6.3.1 The Quantitative Data 179

6.3.2 The Qualitative Data 189

6.4 Differences in Use of Each Strategy by Gender 216

6.5 Conclusion 221

CHAPTER 7 Discussion of Results：Factors Affecting Students'Use of Learning Strategies 222

7.0 Introduction 222

7.1 Cultural Factors 223

7.1.1 Collectivist Value 224

7.1.2 Self-determination 225

7.1.3 Perseverance 225

7.1.4 Teacher's Authority 226

7.2 Student Factors 227

7.2.1 English Proficiency 227

7.2.2 Motivation 244

7.2.3 Students'Approaches to Learning 246

7.2.4 Major Field of Study 256

7.2.5 Gender 258

7.3 Teaching Context Factors 263

7.3.1 Educational Pattern 263

7.3.2 L2 Acquisition Context 269

7.4 Conclusion 273

CHAPTER 8 Conclusions and Implications 276

8.0 Introduction 276

8.1 Summary of Major Findings in This Study 277

8.1.1 Findings Regarding Strategic Differences Between Individual Students 277

8.1.2 Findings Regarding the Influence of Chinese Culture and Education on Students'Strategy Use 280

8.2 Theoretical Implications 281

8.3 Pedagogical Implications 283

8.3.1 Promoting Strategy Use by Strategy Training 283

8.3.2 Promoting Strategy Use by Diversifying EFL Teaching Methods 286

8.4 Suggestions for Future Research 288

8.5 Conclusion 290

BIBLIOGRAPHY 292

APPENDICES 309

1．Classification of Learning Strategies in L2 Acquisition by Wong-Fillmore（1976） 309

2．Classification of Learning Strategies in L2 Acquisition by Naiman et al.（1978） 310

3．Classification of Learning Strategies in L2 Acquisition by Rubin（1981） 311

4．Classification of Learning Strategies in L2 Acquisition by Chamot and O'Malley（1994） 312

5．Classification of Learning Strategies in L2 Acquisition by Oxford（1990） 314

6．Semi-structured Interview 316

7．Changed Items in the Adapted SILL 317

8．A Letter of Invitation 319

9．Information Sheet（A） 320

10．Consent Form（A） 322

11．Strategy Inventory for Language Learning 323

12．Information Sheet（B） 330

13．Consent Form（B） 332

14．Structured Interview Guide 333

15．Semi-structured Interview Guide 334

16．A Sample of Reading Lesson Plan 335