英语教学成功之道 英文本PDF电子书下载

1 A general approach to teaching English 1

Introduction 1

Recognizing success in teaching English 1

Teachers and teaching 2

Co-ordination of English language departments 2

Establishing goals and objectives in teaching English 3

Variations in course goals 3

Communication first and last 5

English as the main classroom language 6

Routine communicative activities 8

A general model of English teaching 10

Creating conditions for learning 12

Learner participation 12

Motivation 13

Summary 15

Project 16

2 Presenting new language items 17

Introduction 17

New items in an English language course 17

What you need to know about new items 19

Functional-grammatical items 20

Presenting new functional-grammatical items 21

Teaching analysis and planning 21

Presentation procedures 24

Coursebook material 30

The place of writing in presentation 30

Writing for clarification and consolidation 30

From presentation to practice 31

Summary 33

Project 34

3 Organizing language practice 35

Introduction 35

The difference between accuracy and fuency practice 35

Practice and communication 36

Oral accuracy practice 38

Language patterns and substitution 39

Accuracy practice and communication 39

Information gaps 43

Elicitation in accuracy practice 44

Interactions 45

Topics and activities 46

Oral fluency practice 47

Types of fluency activity 48

Feedback and correction in oral practice 53

Feedback and correction in accuracy work 54

Feedback and correction in fluency work 55

Written practice 56

Summary 57

Project 58

4 Handling vocabulary 59

Introduction 59

Vocabulary in language teaching and learning 59

Dealing with new vocabulary 60

Meaning and use in communication 61

Pronunciation and spelling 63

Grammar 66

Working on vocabulary 67

Remedial work 68

Summary 68

Project 69

5 Developing spoken communication skills 71

Introduction 71

Communication 71

Communication outside the classroom 71

Communication in the classroom 74

The four skills 74

Listening 75

Classroom listening 77

Recorded texts 77

Speaking 82

Classroom speaking 83

Speaking activities 84

Summary 87

Project 88

6 Developing written communication skills 89

Introduction 89

Spoken and written language 89

Reading comprehension 90

Ways of reading 91

Reading activities 92

Reading outside the classroom 95

Writing 96

Writing activities 96

Integrating skills 99

Summary 100

Project 101

7 Review and remedial work 103

Introduction 103

The need for review and remedial work 103

The language learning process 104

Input,imitation,and cognitive hypotheses 104

Subconscious and conscious processes 105

Errors and learning 105

Pedagogical and natural syllabuses 106

Variables 106

Implications for review and remedial work 107

Review activities 108

Remedial work 112

Personalized remedial work 114

Summary 115

Project 116

8 Planning and managing classes 117

Introduction 117

Long-term planning 117

The course syllabus 117

Syllabus units 119

Short-term planning 119

Workplans 119

Lesson planning 120

Class management 123

Getting attention and participation 123

Giving and checking instructions 124

Managing pair and groupwork 125

Teacher and learner roles 127

Discipline 127

Different teaching situations 128

Children's courses 128

Large groups 129

Summary 130

Project 131

9 Working with a coursebook 133

Introduction 133

Ways of using a coursebook 133

What coursebooks can offer 134

The syllabus 134

Language presentation material 136

Language practice material 136

Skills development material 137

A sequence of work 138

Recycling and review of language 138

Additional material 138

What a coursebook cannot provide 139

Preparing to use a new coursebook 139

Exploiting a coursebook 141

Using language presentation material 141

Using language practice material 143

Using skills development material 145

Using review and clarification material 148

Lesson planning around coursebook material 148

Choosing a coursebook 150

Summary 151

Project 152

10 Teaching aids and materials 153

Introduction 153

Different teaching contexts 153

Using the board 154

Writing and general organization 154

Board drawing 155

Designing and using prepared visual materials 158

Wall-charts 158

Cue-cards 159

Real and imaginary objects 159

Realia 159

Mime and gesture 160

Audio-cassettes 161

Materials and activities 161

Video 163

Selecting material 164

Summary 166

Project 167

11 Testing and evaluation 169

Introduction 169

Teaching,testing,and evaluation 169

Teaching and testing 169

Testing and evaluation 170

Basic aspects of testing 171

Types of test 171

Validity and reliability 172

Balancing validity and reliability 173

Writing and evaluating achievement tests 174

Comparing tests 174

Test exercises and tasks 179

Improving tests 180

Evaluating learning,teaching,and courses 181

Evaluating learning 181

Evaluating teaching 181

Evaluating courses 182

Summary 182

Project 184

12 Development in teaching English 185

Introduction 185

Teachers and ways of teaching 185

Approach and method 186

A survey of approaches and methods 187

The Grammar-translation Method 188

The Direct Method 189

Situational Language Teaching 189

The Audiolingual Method 190

Alternative methods 191

Communicative Language Teaching 193

The'Course Design Approach' 194

Current Developments 195

Learner-centred Teaching 195

Task-based Learning 196

Developing as a teacher 197

Self-development 198

Co-operative development 199

Formal development 201

Summary 202

Project A 204

Project B 204

Glossary 205

Sources and further reading 211

Index 217