音系学 第2版PDF电子书下载

Revision of Phonetics 1

1.Consonants 1

2.Vowels 8

1 The Phonemic Principle 13

1.1 The language of phonology 14

1.2 Phonemic rules 20

1.3 Phonological representations 27

1.4 Concluding remarks 29

Exercises 29

Further reading 31

2 Alternations 32

2.1 The internal structure of words 32

2.2 Testing hypotheses about rules and representations 35

2.3 Morphophonological alternations 37

2.4 Choosing between analyses 38

2.5 Deletion and insertion 39

2.6 The ordering of rules 40

2.7 Concluding remarks 46

Exercises 46

Further reading 49

3 Features,Classes and Systems 50

3.1 Expressing generalisations 50

3.2 Features（i） 51

3.3 General remarks 56

3.4 Features（ii） 57

3.5 Features in representations 64

3.6 Features in rules 66

3.7 Implicational relationships 72

Exercises 74

Notes 77

Further reading 77

4 Problems with the Phonemic Principle 79

4.1 Contrast and neutralisation 79

4.2 Contrast and the minimal pair 84

4.3 An alternative to the phonemic principle:generative phonology 92

Exercises 93

Further reading 96

5 The Organisation of the Grammar 97

5.1 The lexicon 97

5.2 The location of morphology 101

5.3 The phonological component vs the lexicon 105

5.4 Summing up 112

Exercises 113

Notes 115

Further reading 115

6 Abstractness,Psychological Reality and the Phonetics/Phonology Relation 117

6.1 Ordering relations and rule application in the SPE model 117

6.2 Absolute neutralisation 122

6.3 Abstractness and psychological reality 127

6.4 Underlying representations and naturalness 134

6.5 Abstractness,phonological change and child language acquisition 138

Exercises 140

Further reading 143

7 The Role of the Lexicon 145

7.1 Phonology and morphology revisited:lexical phonology 145

7.2 Lexical and postlexical application 151

7.3 Structure preservation,abstractness and productivity 153

7.4 Redundancy and underspecification 155

Exercises 161

Notes 163

Further reading 164

8 Representations Reconsidered（i）:Phonological Structure above the Level of the Segment 166

8.1 Lexical rules,phonotactics and the syllable 166

8.2 Syllabification and syllable-based generalisations 171

8.3 Extrasyllabicity,the CV tier and abstractness 177

8.4 The CV tier,segment length and complex segments 182

8.5 Stress assignment,rhythm and the foot 187

8.6 Symmetry,clash avoidance and the metrical grid 197

8.7 Prosodic domains and the syntax/phonology relationship 201

Exercises 206

Notes 208

9 Representations Reconsidered（ii）:Autosegmental and Subsegmental Phonology 213

9.1 Nasality,segmental and suprasegmental 213

9.2 Vowel harmony 219

9.3 Dominant/recessive harmony 230

9.4 Feature geometry and subsegmental structure 233

Exercises 237

Notes 238

10 Phonological Weight 240

10.1 Weight and time 240

10.2 The basic architecture 242

10.3 The weight of codas 243

10.4 The structure of geminates 246

10.5 Stress-to-weight and weight-to-stress 249

10.6 Moraic theory and compensatory lengthening 250

10.7 The word-final weight asymmetry 254

Exercises 255

Further reading 257

11 Optimality Theory 258

11.1 The basic architecture 258

11.2 The logic of output-driven models 262

11.3 Positional constraints 263

11.4 The factorial typology 266

11.5 The nature of the input 269

11.6 The prosody-melody interface 274

11.7 Positional markedness vs positional faithfulness 277

11.8 Conclusion 281

Exercises 283

Further reading 285

12 Issues in Optimality 286

12.1 Opacity:problems 287

12.2 Output-to-output correspondence 291

12.3 Re-analysing cyclicity 293

12.4 Opacity:some proposed answers 296

12.5 Conclusion 307

Exercises 308

Further reading 310

Feature Specifications for Consonants 312

Sample Answers to Exercises 314

References 322

Subject Index 334

Language Index 337