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Volume One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 3

Chapter One Panoramic View 3

Section One The Country and the People 3

Names and Positions 3

Geographic Features 5

Climate and Weather 7

Factors Influencing English Weather 10

Inland Water 10

People 11

Official and Local Languages 13

Religion 13

The English Language 15

Section Two The British Government 19

The Monarch 20

Parliament 24

The House of Lords and Noble Titles 25

The House of Commons 26

The Government and the Cabinet 28

Civil Servants 29

Local Governments 30

Section Three Politics and Law 32

Political Parties 32

Elections 35

Justice and the Law 37

Law Courts 38

Legal Profession 40

Police Force 41

Section Four National Economy and Cities 42

Economic System and Structure 43

The Public Sector 44

The Private Sector 45

Mining and Manufacturing Industries 46

Transportation and Communications 49

Foreign Trade 51

Agriculture 52

British Disease and Thatcher's Prescription 54

Cities 57

Section Five Cultural and Social Life 62

Class Structure and Social Problems 63

British Families 65

Education Policies 68

Types of Schools 70

Higher Education and Universities 73

Oxbridge 75

Employment 77

Social Welfare 78

Chapter Two English History 80

Section One Origin of the English Nation 80

The Native Celts and Anglo-Saxon Conquest 80

Roman Britain(55 BC—410 AD) 81

The Anglo-Saxon Conquest(446—871) 82

The Norman Conquest(1066) 85

Influence of the Norman Conquest 86

Section Two The Great Charter and Beginning of Parliament 89

Henry Ⅱ's Reforms 89

King John 92

The Great Charter 93

Beginning of Parliament 94

Section Three Decline of Feudalism in England 96

The Hundred Years'War(1337—1453) 96

The Black Death(1348—1349) 98

Wycliffe and the Lollards 99

The Peasant Uprising(1381) 99

The Wars of the Roses(1455—1485) 100

Section Four The Tudor Monarchy and the Rising Bourgeoisie 102

The New Monarchy 102

Henry Ⅶ 103

Henry Ⅷ and Reform of the Church 103

Elizabeth Ⅰ(1533—1603) 105

Renaissance and Changes in the Way of Life 107

Section Five The English Civil War(Bourgeois Revolution) 110

Background of the Revolution 110

James Ⅰ(1603—1625)and the Parliament 111

Charles Ⅰ(1625—1653) 112

The Short Parliament and the Long Parliament 113

The Civil Wars 114

Cromwell as Lord Protector 116

Restoration(1660) 117

Section Six The Industrial Revolution and the Chartist Movement 119

Background of the Industrial Revolution 119

Process of the Industrial Revolution(1750—1850) 121

Effect of the Industrial Revolution 123

Reform of the Voting System 125

The Chartist Movement(1836—1848) 125

Queen Victoria(1837—1901)and Polite Society 127

Section Seven The Rise and Fall of the British Empire 130

Foreign Expansion 130

Effect of Foreign Expansion 132

Britain and the First World War 134

Effect of the War on Britain 135

Britain and the Second World War 136

Volume Two The United States of America 143

Chapter One Panoramic View 143

Section One The United States and Its Natural Conditions 143

Position and Area 144

Surface Regions and Landforms 145

Climate and Weather 149

Land Resources 151

Rivers and Lakes 152

Forests 154

Mineral Resources 155

New Problems 156

Section Two American People 158

The Indians 159

Immigration into America 159

People and Ethnic Groups 162

Melting Pot or Mosaic 167

Distribution of People 168

Background of the Class Structure 170

Upper,Middle,and Lower Classes 171

Section Three Government and Politics(Ⅰ) 175

Basis of the U.S.Political Theory 175

Government Principles 176

Federal System 178

The Federal Government 179

The Legislative Branch 180

Legislative Procedure 182

Section Four Government and Politics(Ⅱ) 186

The Executive Branch 186

General Election 189

The Judicial Branch 193

Federal Police 196

State Government 197

Local Governments 198

Political Parties 199

Section Five National Economy(Ⅰ) 203

General Introduction 203

Economic System 205

Types of Businesses 207

Role of Government in National Economy 209

Themes in Business Life 211

Section Six National Economy(Ⅱ) 213

Mining 213

Manufacturing 214

Principal Products 215

Service Industry 216

Agriculture 219

Forestry 221

Major Cities 223

Section Seven Culture and Holidays 229

The Basis of American Culture 229

Holidays and Festivals 242

American Education 248

Elementary and Secondary Education 249

Higher Education and Universities 250

Employment and Social Welfare 253

Chapter Two American History 256

Section One Native Indians and the Thirteen English-American Colonies 256

Indians as Native Americans 256

Columbus Discovering the New World(1492) 258

Founding of Colonies 258

The Early Colonies and Immigrants 265

Life in the Colonies 267

Section Two The War of Independence 271

Relationship Between the Colonies and England 271

The French and Indian War(1756—1763) 273

Conflicts Leading to Armed Revolution 274

The First Continental Congress 277

The First Armed Clash 277

The Second Continental Congress 278

The Declaration of Independence 280

Military Struggle and Final Victory 282

Section Three Founding of the American Constitution and the Washington Administration 285

America Following Independence 285

The Constitutional Convention 287

Ratifying the Constitution 289

The American Constitution 290

Washington as the First President 293

Section Four America During the First Half of the 19th Century—an Era of Expansion 297

Jefferson and His Time 297

The Purchase of Louisiana(1803) 299

The Second War with England(1812) 299

Military Actions 301

Immediate Effect of the 1812 War 301

The Monroe Doctrine(1823) 302

Jackson and Spoils System 303

Mexican War and Its Results(1846—1848) 304

Opportunities and Adventures 305

Effect of Westward Movement 308

Section Five The Civil War 310

The Beginning of Negro Slavery 310

Life of the Black Slaves 311

Conflicts Arising from Slavery 312

Abraham Lincoln 315

Military Contest in the Civil War 316

The Emancipation Proclamation and Final Victory(1862) 318

Lincoln's Death and American Concept of a Hero 319

Effect of the Civil War and Reconstruction 321

Section Six The United States After the Civil War—Development and Foreign Aggression 323

Situation After the Civil War 323

Economic Development 326

Appearance of Monopoly Businesses 328

Effects of Economic Development and Monopoly 330

Social Reforms During Industrialization 332

Imperialist Foreign Policy and War with Spain 334

Aggression Against China 336

Section Seven America During and After World War Ⅰ 337

World War Ⅰ and America's Neutrality 337

America Entering into the War(1917) 338

America and the Treaty of Versailles 339

America After the War and Red Scare 340

Industrial Progress 341

New Culture 342

The Lost Generation 345

Background of the Great Depression 346

The Great Depression 347

President Roosevelt's"New Deal" 348

Section Eight America During and After World War Ⅱ 351

The Outbreak of General War 351

Changes in the US Policy 353

The Lend-lease Bill 353

America's Entry into the War 354

America After the War 357

Cold War and America's Containment 357

McCarthy Era 359

John Kennedy 360

Beat Generation 361

Demands for Reform and Counterculture 362

Johnson and His Great Society 365

Vietnam War 366

Nixon and Watergate Affair 367

From Carter to Clinton 368

War Against Terrorism 371

Supplementary Materials for Reference 373

Section one An Outline Introduction to American Literature(1600—1985) 373

Section Two The Ancient Mediterranean World and the Origin of European Civilization 392

Section Three Appearance and Development of Christianity 403

Section Four Information Material 409

Britain's Papers,Radio and Television 409

The U.S.Press,Radio and Television 410

Kings and Queens of England and Great Britain 411

Prime Ministers of Great Britain 413

The 50 States of America 415

Presidents of the United States 416

Currency 418

Bank and Public Holidays in Britain,1982 418

Bibliography 419