国际商务 英文版·第4版PDF电子书下载

PART 1 Introduction to International Business Theory and PractIce 1

Chapter 1 The International Business Imperative 2

Learning Objectives 2

Opening Vignette:Looking for Work?Try the World 3

The Need for International Business 3

A Definition of International Business 4

A Brief History 5

Global Linkages Today 7

The Current U.S.International Trade Position 15

A Diagnosis of the U.S. Trade Position 15

The Impact of lnternational Business on the United States 15

The Structure of the Book 20

Summary 21

Global Perspective 1.1: Free Trade Needs a Dominant Champion 7

Global Perspective 1.2: Free Markets and The Environment 8

Global Perspective 1.3: Ethics and Intermational BuSiness 13

Global Perspective 1.4: Small U.S. Firms Are Moving Forward in the Global Marketplace 18

Global Perspective 1.5: Affluence through Global Business 20

Appendix:Geographical Perspectives on International Business 23

Chapter 2 The Theory of International Trade and Investment 32

Learning Objectives 32

Opening Vignette:Trade Booming under NAFIA 33

The Age of Mercantilism 34

Classical Trade Theory 34

The Theory of Absolute Advantage 36

The Theory of Comparative Advantage 36

A Numerical Example of Classical Trade 37

National Production Possibilities 38

The Gains from International Trade 40

Concluding Points about Classical Trade Theory 42

Factor Proportions Trade Theory 42

Factor Intensity in Production 42

Factor Endowments,Factor Prices,and Comparative Advantage 43

Assumptions of the Factor Proportions Theory 44

The Leontief Paradox 45

Linder's Overlapping Product Ranges Theory 46

International Investment and Product Cycle Theory 47

The Stages of the Product Cycle 47

Trade Implications of the Product Cycle 48

The Contributions of Product Cycle Theory 50

The New Trade Theory 50

Economies of Scale and Imperfect Competition 50

The CompetitiVe Advantage of Nations 52

The Theory of International Investment 54

The Foreign Direct Investment Decision 54

The Theory of Foreign Direct Investment 56

Firms as Seekers 56

Firms as Exploiters of Imperfections 57

Firms as Internalizers 60

Summary 60

Global Perspective 2.1: Investment Destinations 58

Global PersPective 2.2: Beijing Imposes Substantial New Taxes and Duties on Imports by Foreigners 59

Part 1 Cases 64

America for Sale—and Returned 64

Vamport Manufacturing 67

The Global Car Market 73

PART 2 The International Business Environment and Institutions 77

Chapter 3 The lnternational Economic Activity Of the Nation:The Balance Of Payments 78

Learning Objectives 78

Opening Vignette:Emerging Market Firms Innovate to Raise Funds 79

Fundamentals of Balance of Payments Accounting 80

Defining International Economic Transactions 80

The BOP as a Flow Statement 80

BOP Accounting:Double—Entry BOokkeeping 81

The Accounts Of the Balance of Payments 81

The Current ACcount 82

The Capital Account 87

Current and Capital Account Balance Relationships 92

Net Errors and Omissions 94

Official Reserves Account 94

The Balance of Payments in Total 95

The Balance of Payments as a Reflection of Economic Openness and Development 97

The Case of Mexico 97

The Case of Nepal 98

The Case of MalaYsia 98

Balance of Payments Dynamics 98

Merchandise Trade and Exchange Rate Dynamics 99

Summary 101

Global Perspective 3.1: The current Account and Finland 88

Global Perspective 3.2: "They Don't Let Just Anyone Buy a Defense Contractor 91

Global Perspective 3.3: A Rose by Any Other Name:The Terminology of the BOP 101

Chapter 4 The International Monetary System:Principles and History 104

Learning Objectives 104

Opening Vignette:A Matter of Exchange Rates 105

The Purpose of EXchange Rates 105

What Is a Currency Worth? 105

The Law of One Price 106

Qualities Desired in an Exchange Rate 108

International Monetary Systems of the Twentieth Century 109

The Gold Standsrd 110

Fixed EXchange Parity Rates 110

Restriction on Money Supply Growth 111

Automatic Balance Of payment Adjustment 113

The Interwar Years，19l9—1939 114

The Bretton Woods Agreement 115

The Agreement 115

The Adjustable Peg 116

The International Monetary Fund 116

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 117

The Experience under Bretton Woods,l946—1971 117

Collapse and Transition,197l—1973 118

Floating EXchange Rates,1973—Present 119

The Rise of the Dollar l980—l985 121

Intervention in the l980s: Expectations and Coordination 121

The Plaza Agreement,September 1985 122

The Louvre Accord,February 1987 122

Endaka 123

Fixed and Floating Currencies 123

The CFA Franc Zone 124

The Argentine Peso (or Dollar?) 126

The European Monetary System 127

Exchange Rates,Interest Rates,and Economic Policy 132

Summary 135

Global Perspective 4.1: "lt Pays to Be Jailed in Switzerland" 110

Global Perspective 4.2: Purchasing Power Parity and"Le Shuttle" 113

Global Perspective 4.3: The Origins of Monies 114

Chapter 5 International Financial Markets 138

Learning Objectives 138

Opening Vignette:Who's Making the Most? 139

The Market for Currencies 139

Exchange Rate Quotations and Terminology 141

Direct and Indirect Quotations 141

Cross Rates 143

Percentage Change Calculations 143

Foreign Currency Market Structure 143

Currency Bid and Offer Quotes 145

Market Size and Composition 146

International Money Markets 147

Eurocurrency Markets 147

Eurocurrency Interest Rates 147

Linking Eurocurrency Interest Rates and Exchange Rates 149

International Capital Markets 149

Defining lnternational Financing 150

Driving Forces in the International Financial Markets 152

International Banking and Bank Lending 153

Structure of International Banking 153

Offshore Banking 155

International Bank Lending 155

International Security Markets 156

The Euronote Market 156

The International Bond Market 157

International Equity Markets 157

Private Placements 160

Gaining Access to International Financial Markets 160

The Debt Crisis and Currency Earnings 160

Friday,August 13,1982:The Crisis 161

Solutions to the Debt Crisis 163

Summary 166

Global Perspective 5.1: Yin/Yang Balance with the Yuan 144

Global Perspective 5.2: Taxes,Eurobonds and the Netherlands Antilles 158

Global Perspective 5.3: Sovereign Credit Ratings 162

Global Perspective 5.4: Spending at Core of Mexico's Woes 165

Chapter 6 Economic Integration 170

Learning Objectives 170

Opening Vignette：Building Blocs(or Stumbling Blocs?)of Worldwide Free Trade 171

Levels of Economic Integration 172

The Free Trade Area 172

The Customs Union 173

The Common Market 173

The Economic Union 173

Arguments Surrounding Economic Integration 174

Trade Creation and Trade Diversion 174

Reduced Import Prices 175

Increased Competition and Economies of Scale 175

Higher Factor Productivity 176

Regionalism versus Nationalism 176

European Integration 177

Economic Integration in Europe from l948 to the mid—l980s 177

The European Community since the Mid—l980s 179

Organization of the EU 180

Implications of the Integrated European Market 181

North American Economic Integration 184

U.S.Canada Free Trade Agreement 184

North American Free Trade Agreement 185

Other Economic Alliances 187

Integration in Latin America 187

Integration in Asia 189

Integration in Africa and the Middle East 191

Economic Integration and the International Manager 194

Cartels and Commodity Price Agreements 195

Summary 196

Global Perspective 6.1: Labor Pains of Integration 176

Global Perspective 6.2: NAFTA Makes its Mark 186

Global Perspective 6.3: Working the New Bloc 190

Chapter 7 National Trade and Investment Policies 200

Learning Objectives 200

Opening Vignette Protecting Wildlife by Restricting Trade 201

Rationale and Goals of Trade and Investment Policies 201

Global Trade Regulation Since l945 203

Changes in the Global Policy Environment 206

Reduction of Domestic Policy Influences 206

Sharpening of the Conflict between Industrialized and Developing Nations 211

Policy Responses to Changing Conditions 213

Restrictions of Imports 215

Restrictions of Exports 219

Export Promotion Efforts 220

Import Promotion Efforts 222

A Strategic Outlook for Trade and Investment Policies 224

AU.S Perspective 224

An International Perspective 225

Summary 226

Global Perspective 7.1: Uruguay Round's Biggest Winners May Be Developing Nations 205

Global Perspective 7.2: Brazilian Policy Shifts Change the Auto industry 207

Global Perspective 7.3: North versus South at the Earth Summit 214

Global Perspective 7.4: Can California Rice Stick in Japan? 217

Global perspective 7.5: Military Exports:To Promote or Not to Promote? 220

Part2 Cases 229

Debt—Nature Swaps: A Green Solution to LDC Debt 229

Who Owns Hollywood? 232

One Afternoon at the United States International Trade Commission 234

When“Fair Trade”Policies Backfire 238

Harley—Davidson(A):Protecting Hogs 244

Funding from Eximbank 248

Republica de Centroica 250

The War of the Bananas 252

North American Free Trade Agreement 256

The Tuna and the Dolphin 258

Video Case:Old Ways,New Game 261

PART 3 International Business and the Nation-State 265

Chapter 8 Politics and Laws 266

Learning Objectives 266

Opening Vignette:Can U.S. Firms Abroad Do Well While Doing Good? 267

The Home—Country Perspective 268

Embargoes and Sanctions 268

Export Controls 270

A Changed Environment for Export Controls 271

Export Control Problems and Conflicts 273

Regulating International Business Behavior 275

Host Country Political and Legal Environment 278

Political Action and Risk 278

Economic Risk 282

Managing the Risk 283

Legal Differences and Restraints 284

The Influencing of Politics and Laws 287

International Relations and Laws 290

International Politics 290

International Law 290

Summary 293

Global Perspective 8.1: The Dogfight over MiG Modernization 274

Global Perspective 8.2: Ethics in a shrinking World 275

Global Perspective 8.3: coping in a World of Bribes 277

Global Perspective 8.4: Two Air Disasters,Two Cultures,Two Remedies 285

Global Perspective 8.5: How Swiss is the Swiss Army Knife? 286

Global Perspective 8.6: Washington:under the Influence? 289

Global Perspective 8.7: Vietnam Embargo Ends,U,S. Firms Enter 291

Chapter 9 The Cultural Challenge 296

Learning Objectives 296

Opening Vignette:Making Culture Work for Your Success 297

Culture Defined 298

The Elements of Culture 299

Language 300

Nonverbal Language 303

Religion 304

Values and Attitudes 306

Manners and Customs 306

Material Elements 310

Aesthetics 310

Education 311

Social Institutions 312

Sources of Cultural Knowledge 312

Cultural Analysis 314

The Training Challenge 317

Summary 318

Global Perspective9.1: AnAmricanfurkinParis 300

Global Perspective9.2: Negotiating in Europe:Watch Out for the Differences 308

Global Perspective9.3: Learning the Strange Foreign Ways 319

Chapter 10 Economies in Transition 324

Learning Objectives 324

Opening Vignette:A Study of Two Transition Strategies 325

Doing Business with Emerging Market Economies 326

A Brief Historic Review 328

The Demise of the Socialist System 329

The Realities of Economic Change 331

Adjusting to Global Change 335

Concurrent Shifts in Trade and Investment Flows 335

Resistance to Change 337

International Business Challenges and Opportunities 340

Reasons for the Emergence of State—Owned Enterprises 543

The Effect of State-Owned Enterprises on International Business 345

The Privatization Perspective 344

Summary 346

Global Perspective 10.1:Private Business Clubs in China 334

Global Perspective 10.2:Pro-Worker Bias in Russia 334

Global Perspective 10.3:china at the Top of Unilever's wish List 336

Global Perspective 10.4:The Consumer Power of Rural india 337

Global Perspective 10.5:The Coresponsibility of the West 339

Global Perspective 10.6:Amway the Hungarian Way 341

Global Perspective 10.7:Russian Software Firms Look Overseas 342

Global Perspective 10.8:Privatization sweeps the Globe 345

Part 3 Cases 349

Promoting U.S. Tobacco Exports:A Conflict between Trade and Health 349

Union Carbide at Bhopal 353

IMEA：Its a Big Country,Someone Has to Furnish It 356

Ecological Cooling;The Fridge from Eastern Germany 360

Video Case:A Taste of the West 363

PART 4 International Business Preparation and Market Entry 367

Chapter 11 International Business Research 368

Learning Objectives 368

Opening Vignette:Globalbase Has the World Covered 369

International and Domestic Research 369

Recognizing the Need for International Research 370

Determining Research Objectives 371

Going International—Exporting 371

Going International—Importing 373

Market Expansion 373

Conducting Secondary Research 373

Identifying Sources of Data 373

Selection of Secondary Data 378

Interpretation and Analysis of Secondary Data 379

Conducting Primary Research 380

Industrial versus Consumer Sources of Data 381

Determining the Research Technique 381

The International Information System 385

Summary 390

Global Perspective 11.1: Market Research on-Line 377

Global Perspective 11.2: Creative Research 379

Global Perspective 11.3: Market Research in Mexico 383

Global Perspective 11.4: Advice from Kissinger Associates 390

Appendix A: Monitors of International Issues 393

Appendix B:Selected U.S.Government Publications and Services 398

Chapter 12 International Business Entry 400

Learning Objectives 400

Opening Vignette:A Passionate Commitment to Exporting 401

The Role of Management 401

Motivations to Go Abroad 402

Proactive Motivations 403

Reactive Motivations 404

Concerns and Problems of Going Intemational 406

Strategic Efforts of Going International 406

Alternative Entry Strategies 408

Indirect Exporting and Importing 408

Direct Exporting and Importing 409

International Intermediaries 410

Export Management Companies 412

Webb-Pomerene Associations 414

Trading Companies 414

International Facilitators 417

Private Sector Facilitators 417

Public Sector Facilitators 418

Other Forms of International Market Entry and Expansion licensing 420

Licensing 420

Franchising 421

A Comprehensive View of International Expansion 426

Summary 426

Global Perspective 12.1: No Pig in a Poke 410

Global Perspective 12.2: Small Firms Need Experts to Grow FOreign Business 411

Global Perspective 12.3: Exporting with Private Sector Help 418

Global Perspective 12.4: Matchmaking Produces Export Sales 419

Global Perspective 12.5: Taking Your Franchise Abroad 424

Chapter 13 Multinational Corporations 432

Learning Objectives 432

Opening Vignette:The Stateless Corporation 433

The Multinational Corporate Phenomenon 434

The Multinational Corporation Defined 434

The World's Multinational Corporations 435

Foreign Direct Investment 437

Reasons for Foreign Direct Investment 437

The Host-country Perspective 442

The Home-Country Perspective 447

Management of the Relationship 447

Dealing with Other Constituents 452

Transfer of Technology 452

The Basics of Technology Transfer 452

Adapting Technology to Local Conditions 453

Modes of Operation 454

Full Ownership 454

Interfirm Cooperation 455

Summary 463

Global Perspective 13.1: Making it Close to Customers 441

Global Perspective 13.2: Giving Up on Russia? 448

Global Perspective 13.3: outsourcing Just Do It! 458

Part4 Cases 468

Damar lnternational 468

Tollens N．V．—Holland:Surfstone 471

Spectrum Color Systems,Inc 482

German Luxury Cars:Made in the U.S.A 490

Videocase:Lakewood Forest Products 493

Videocase:ESPKIT 496

PART 5 International Business Strategy and Operations 501

Chapter 14 International Marketing 502

Learning Objectives 502

Opening Vignette Thinking Globally Acting Locally 503

Target Market Selection 504

Identification and Screening 504

Concentration versus Diversification 509

Marketing Management 511

Standardization versus Adaptation 511

Product Policy 515

Pricing Policy 520

Distribution Policy 525

Promotional Policy 528

Summary 533

Global Perspective 14.1: Born Global 510

Global Perspective 14.2: It Played in Phon Phaeng...and Peoria.T00 514

Global Perspective 14.3: Different Ways of Getting the Job Done 524

Global Perspective 14.4: Expanding the Social Vision:Global Community Relations 533

Chapter 15 International services 538

Learning Objectives 538

Opening Vignette The Global Service of Plastic Money 539

Differences between Services and Products 540

Linkage between Services and Products 540

Stand-Alone Services 541

The Role of Services in the Global Economy 546

Global Transformations in the Services Sector 549

Problems in International Service Trade 551

Data Collection Problems 551

US,Disincentives to the Offering of International Services 551

Global Regulations of Services 553

Corporate Involvement in International Service Trade 554

Typical International Services 558

Starting to Offer Services Internationally 558

Strategic Indications 559

Summary 561

Global Perspective 15.1: white—Collar Jobs Move Abroad 545

Global Perspective 15.2: Indian Exports: Not Just Carpets but Software 548

Global Perspective 15.3: Europe Speeds Phone Competition 549

Global Perspective 15.4: A service For Students Abroad 558

Global Perspective 15.5: Tourism: The Global Growth Industry 559

Chapter 16 International Logistics 564

Leaning Objectives 564

Opening Vignette African Trade Depends on Logistics 565

The Field of International Logistics 565

A Definition of International Logistics 566

The Impact of International Logistics 567

Differences between Domestic and International Logistics 568

International Transportation Issues 569

Transportation Infrastrueture 569

Availability of Modes 570

Choice of Modes 574

Export Documentation 577

International Inventory Issues 580

International Packaging Issues 582

International Storage Issues 586

Storage Facilities 586

Special Trade Zones 587

Management of International Logistics 589

Centralized Logistics Management 589

Decentralized Logistics Management 589

Outsourcing Logistics Services 590

Logistics and the Environment 591

Summary 592

Global Perspective 16.1: The Logistics Effects 0f the Channel Tunnel 570

Global Perspective 16.2: Germany Gateway to Central Europe 571

Global Perspective 16.3: sea-Air The Best ot Both Worlds 577

Global Perspective 16.4: The Cost of Warehousing in Japan 587

Global Perspective 16.5: Cutting Delivery from Two Weeks to Two Days 590

Global Perspective 16.6: Environmental Impact on Logistics 591

Chapter 17 International Financial Management 596

Learning Objectives 596

Opening Vignette Chinese Banks Holding Up Payments on Delivered Goods 597

Overview of International Financial Management 597

Import/Export Trade Financing 598

Trade Financing Using a Letter of Credit(L/C) 598

International Capital Budgeting 600

Capital Budget Components and Decision Criteria 600

A Proposed Project Evaluation 601

Risks in lnternational Investments 602

Capital Structure International Dimensions 604

The Capital Structure of the Firm 604

The Capital Structure of Foreign Subsidiaries 605

International Working Capital and Cash Flow Management 606

Operating Cash Flows and Financing Cash Flows 606

A Sample Cash Flow Mapping 606

Inteation Cash Flows and Transfer Prices 606

Cash Flow and Management 608

Financial Risk Management 610

Classification of Foreign Currency Exposures 611

Transaction Exposure 612

Transaction Exposure Management 612

Risk Management versus Speculation 614

Transaction Exposure Case Lufthansa(l985) 614

Currency Risk Sharing 616

Economic Exposure 617

Impact of Economic Exposure 617

Economic Exposure Management 618

Translation Exposure 619

the Current Rate Method 619

Translation Exposure Management 620

Interest Rate and Currency Swaps 621

Interest Rate Swaps 621

Currency Swaps 622

Summary 623

Global Perspective 17.1: “Lost in a Maze of Hedges” 613

Global Perspective 17.2: Economic Exposure:Foreign Automakers in Mexico 619

Chapter 18 Countertrade 624

Learning Objectives 626

Opening Vignette Implementing International Countertrade 627

A Definition of Countertrade 628

Types of Countertrade 631

Official Attitudes Toward Countertrade 638

AUS.Policy Perspective 638

Other Government Views 640

Attitudes of Other International Organizations 640

The Corporate Situation 641

The Emergence of New Intermediaries 643

Preparing for Countertrade 645

Summary 648

Global Perspective 18.1: Turkmenistan Embraces Countertrade 630

Global Perspective 18.2: When Governments Do Offset Deals 636

Global Perspective 18.3: Debt Funds stud Abroad637 637

Global Perspective 18.4: coping with Offsets 642

Chapter 19 International Accounting and Taxation 652

Learning Objectives 652

Opening Vignette:U.S. Accounting Practices Would Halve EPS 653

Accounting Diversity 653

Principal Accounting Differences Across Countries 654

Origins of Differences 655

Classification Systems 656

Principal Differences: The lssues 657

The Process of Accounting Standardization 665

International Taxation 665

Tax Jurisdictions 665

Tax Types 607

Income Categories and Taxation 668

U.S.Taxation of Foreign Operations 669

Taxation of Foreign Branches of U.S.Corporations 669

Taxation of Foreign Subsidiaries of U.S.Corporations 669

Calcu1ation of U.S.Taxes on ForeIgn—Source Earnings 673

Concluding Remarks Regarding U,S. Taxation of Foreign Income 675

Summary 676

Global Perspective 19.1: The Father of Accounting:Luca Pacioli Who? 655

Global Perspective 19.2: countertrade Accountants in the Dark 656

Global Perspective 19.3: How Green is My Balance Sheet? 664

Global Perspective 19.4: Did Stolichnaya Taxes Put Vodka on the Rocks? 666

Global Perspective 19.5: TforgLessonsfromalbania 676

Chapter 20 lnternational Human Resource Management 680

Learning Objectives 680

Opening Vignette:Global Talent Search 681

Managing Managers 682

Early Stages of Internationalization 682

Advanced Stages of Internationalization 683

Interfirm Cooperative Vennures 684

Sources for Management Recruitment 686

Selection Criteria for Overseas Assignments 688

Culture Shock 693

Repatriation 695

Compensation 696

Managing Labor Personnel 699

Labor Participation in Management 700

The Role of Labor Unions 705

Human Resource Policies 706

Summary 707

Global Perspective 20.1: The Challenge of How to Best Manage Together 685

Global Perspective 20.2: Women's Global Career Ladder 692

Global Perspective 20.3: How Far will Your Salary Go? 697

Global Perspective 20.4: Workers of the World.Get Training! 701

Global Perspective 20.5: Cooperation Worth copying 706

Chapter 21 Organization and Control In International Operations 712

Learning Objectives 713

Opening Vignette:Borderless Management 713

Organizational Structure 714

Organizational Designs 714

Locus Of Decision Making 723

Factors Affecting Structure and Decision Making 724

The Networked Global Organization 725

The Role of Country Organizations 727

Controls 729

Types Of Controls 730

Exercising Controls 733

Summary 736

Global Perspective 21.1: Restructuring fOr NAFTA 720

Global Perspective 21.2: Characteristics of Success 728

Global Perspective 21.3: The Country Manager of the 1990s 734

Chapter 22 The Future 746

Learning Objectives 746

Opening Vignette:The Demise of the Global Firm? 747

The International Business Environment 748

The Political Environment 748

The Internal Financial Environment 752

The Effects of Population Shifts 754

The Technological Environment 754

Changes in Trade Relations 755

Governmental Policy 756

The Future of International Business Management 757

International Planning and Research 757

International Product Policy 759

International Communication 762

Distribution Strategies 762

International Pricing 763

Careers in Internal Business 763

Further Training 764

Employment with a Large Firm 765

Employment with a Small or Medium—Sized Firm 767

Self—Employment 771

Summary 771

Global Perspective 22.1: The Struggle to Fill Positions in China 750

Global Perspective 22.2: tenders Target Women in the Developing World 751

Global Perspective 22.3: Japanese Women Make career Moves 764

Global Perspective 22.4: Preparing for an Internationail Assignment 770

Part 5 Cases 774

Harley—Davidson:Hedging Hogs 774

Establishing an Overseas Law Office 775

Aston Systems Corporation 778

HathaWay Electronics:The Foreign Assignment 784

Mcdonnell Douglas:The F—18 Hornet Offset 790

Charting a Course in a Global Economy 795

Troll-AEG 801

Otjiwarongo Crocodile Ranch 820

Videocase: The Culture of Commerce 830

Glossary 833

Name Index 847

Subject Index 854

Maps 10

Map 1 International Trade as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product 10

Map 2 Current Account Balances as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product 41

Map 3 Manufacturing:A Major Factor in Gross Domestic Product 84

Map 4 Total External Debt by Country 130

Map 5 The Locations of the World's International Financial Centers(IFCs)andInternationalOffOffshoreFinancialCenters(IOFCs) 152

Map 6 International Groupings 190

Map 7 The Global Envitonment: A Source of Conflict between Developed and Less—Developed Nations 210

Map 8 The Risk of Terrorist Activity A Factor in International Business Decisions 281

Map 9 Religions of the World A Part of Culture 307

Map 10 Emerging Economies of Central and Eastern Europe 327

Map 11 Advances in Telephone and Data Transmission Technology Facilitate the Collection of Data for International Business Research 387

Map 12 International Locations of U.S. Financing Operations 423

Map 13 The Operations ( Structure of the Multinational Firm) 445

Map 14 Income Distribution:A Factor in Evaluating Market Potential 507

Map 15 Services as a Portion of Gross Domestic Product 552

Map 16 Trade and Travel Networks 590

Map 17 Inflation Rates and Interest Rates around the World 603

Map 18 Preferred Items for Export in Countertrade Transactions 632

Map 19 Corporate Tax Rates around the World 670

Map 20 Organized Labor as a Percentage of the labor Force 702

Map 21 The European Union:An Example of Area Structure 735

Map 22 The Cost of Living in the World's Major Business Cities 764