英语动词 语法和惯用法PDF电子书下载

Introduction 1

Chapter Ⅰ．Five Types of The English Verb 6

Ⅰ．The Intransitive Type 6

Ⅱ．The Linking Verb Type（Various Predicatives） 7

CONTENTS 9

（Headings in parentheses do not appear in the text；they serve only to indicate the contents concerned．）Preface 9

Ⅲ．The Mono-transitive Type（Various Objects） 10

Ⅳ．The Di-transitive Type 13

（a）Convertible into Mono-transitive with“to” 14

（b）Convertible into Mono-transitive with“for” 14

Ⅴ．The Complex Transitive Type 15

（c）Not very well Convertible into Mono-transitive 15

（a）With a Noun（or Noun-equivalent）Complement 16

（b）With an Adjective（or Adjective-equivalent）Complement 17

（1）to show result 17

（2）to show state 17

（3）a past participle to show passive meaning 18

（c）With a Verbal Complement to Indicate Action 18

（1）the infinitive with“to” 18

（2）the infinitive without“to” 19

（3）the present participle 20

（4）either the present participle or bare infinitive without appreciabie difference of meaning 20

（5）either the present participle or infinitive with clear distinction of meaning 21

（6）the infinitive“to be” 22

（7）the preparatory“it”and complement 23

Chapter Ⅱ．Tense 25

（The Sixteen Tense Forms） 25

（Dynamic Verbs and State Verbs） 27

Ⅰ．Basic Use or Meaning of Each of the Tenses 28

Ⅱ．Extended Use or Uses of the More Common Tense Forms 34

A．The Simple Present Ternse 34

B．The Present Progressive Tense 38

C．The Present Perfect Tense 38

D．The Present Perfect Progressive Tense 39

E．The Past Tense Forms 40

F．the Simple Future Tense 41

G．The Future Progressive Tense 42

H．The Future Perfect Tense 42

I．The Past Simple Future Tense with“Would” 43

J．The Past Future Perfect Tense 43

Ⅲ．Time and Tense 43

A．Denotation of Present Time 43

B．Denotation of Habitual，Permanent or 44

Repeated Action 44

C．Denotation of Past Time 45

D．Denotation of Future Time 46

Ⅳ．Comparison Between Some of the Common Tenses 47

Past and Continuing to the Present（Possibly to the Future） 47

Absence of an Action Beginnmg in the 47

E．Denotation of Duration of an Action or of 47

Chapter Ⅲ．Special or Anomalous Verbs 50

Ⅰ．What Special Verbs Are 50

（Notional Verbs，Auxiliary Verbs，Modal Verbsand Non-special Verbs） 50

（Outstanding Feature of a Special Verb） 50

Other Peculiarities： 50

A．Ability to Form the Tag Question 52

B．Ability to Form Short Answers 53

C．Ability to Form Elliptical Sentences 55

than Precede the Speeial 56

D．Ability to Form an Emphatic Affirmative 56

E．A Mid-position Adverb to Follow Rather 56

F．With Most Specials，No Inflexion for the 57

Third Person Singular of the Present Tense 57

Ⅱ．Special or Non-special？ 57

A．“Need” 57

B．“Dare” 59

C．“Used to” 59

D．“Have”and“have to” 60

A．Requests，Commands，Prohibitions， 62

Invitations，Suggestions 62

E．“Do” 62

Ⅲ．Mood，Emotion and Attitude 62

B．Promises，Threats and Refusals 63

C．Wishes and Preferences 64

D．Plans and Arrangements or Decisions 64

E．Obligation and Necessity 65

F．Permission 66

G．Probability and Likelihood 66

H．Possibility 68

I．Ability and Achievement 70

J．Determination and Resolve；Willingness 71

K．Concession 72

M．Characteristic Behaviour 73

L．Surprise 73

Ⅳ．Semi-modal Verbs 74

Chapter Ⅳ．Voice 76

（The Passive Form of the Verb） 76

（Passive Counterparts of the Three Types of Transitive Verbs：the Retained Object and the Subject Complement） 78

（The Conversion of Voice in Sentences with an Object“that”Clause） 78

（Voice of Prepositional Verbs） 80

（Voice of Adverbial Verbs） 81

（Voice of Compound Prepositional Verbs） 82

(Voice of Transitive Prepositional Verbs） 83

（Passive Voice Emphasizes the Object，while Active Voice Emphasizes the Subject） 84

B．Examples Showing Inconvertibility of an Idiom an Active Transitive Verb Has Entered into 86

A．Examples Showing Transitive or Prepositional Verbs Which as a Rule Do not Occur in the Passive 86

C．Exampies Showing Those Transitive Verbs Which Are Mostly，or Can Often Be，Used in the Passive 87

D．Verbs，Active in Form but Passive in Meaning 90

（A）Intransitive and Linking Verbs 90

（B）Transitive Verbs 90

（a）Finite Verbs 90

（b）Non-finite Verbs 91

（1）A Transitive Gerund 91

（2）A Transitive or Prepositional-Verb Infinitive 91

（The Indicative Mood，the Imperative Mood，and the Subjunctive Mood） 93

Ⅰ．The Imperative Mood 93

Cbapter Ⅴ．Mood 93

Ⅱ．The Subjunctive Mood 95

A．General 95

B．The Subjunctive Present Tense 98

C．Meaning of Subjunctive Mood 100

（The Subjunctive Mood as Popularly Called Divisible into：） 100

（A）The Pure Subjunctive 101

（B）The Half Subjunctive 103

（C）The Old-styled Subjunctive Present Tense 105

（D）The False Subjunctive 105

D．Subjunctive or Indicative？ 107

（A Few Practical Situations Enumerated and Contrasted） 107

E．Conditions Expressed by Inversion 111

F．Conclusion 112

Chapter Ⅵ．The Non-finites 113

Ⅰ．The Finite Verb versus the Non-finite 113

Ⅱ．Agent of the Non-finite 116

Ⅲ．Contrasts Between the Non-finites 119

A．As Subject 119

B．As Predicative 120

C．As Object 123

（A）of a Transitive Verb 123

（B）of a Preposition 123

（A）Transitive Present Participle versus Transitive Past Participle 124

D．As Attributive 124

（B）Intransitive Present Participle versus Intransitive Past Participle as Premodifier 125

（C）Present Participle versus Gerund as Premodifier 126

（D）Present Participle versus Infinitive 127

（E）Infinitive versus Gerund or Preposition plus Gerund 129

E．As Adverbial 130

（A）The Participle and the Infinitive 130

（B）“Go”plus Infinitive versus“Go”plus Present Participle 133

F．Non-finites as Object Complements 134

（Object Complement Following Verb“Have”） 134

G．Non-finites as Independent Elements（Disjuncts） 135

Ⅳ．Voice of the Non-finites 137

Ⅴ．The Tense Forms of the Non-finites 138

A．of the Predicative Infinitive 139

B．of the-Complement Infinitive 139

C．of the Adverbial Participle 140

Ⅵ．The Adverbial Non-finite and the Adverbial Clause 141

（Absolute Construction of the Participle） 141

（Dangling Participle，Legitimate and Illegitimate） 142

（Dangling Gerund and Dangling Adverbial Infinitive，Legitimate and Illegitimate） 144

Ⅶ．The Non-finite Postmodifier and the Relative Clause 146

A．The Present Participial Phrase 146

B．The Past Participial Phrase 147

C．The Infinitive Phrase 148

Ⅷ．The Split Infinitive 149

Ⅸ．The Bare Infinitive 150

A．As Complement to Certain Verbs 150

B．As Predicative 152

C．After Modal Verbs 152

D．After Certain Prepositions 152

Ⅹ．The Elliptical Infinitive 153

Ⅺ．The Half Gerund 154

Ⅻ．Verbal Construction after“Rather than”and“As well as” 157

Chapter Ⅶ．Verbs and Their Prepositions 160

（General Remarks） 160

（A）Omission of Preposition from Prepositional Verb Governing“that”Clause 163

A．Intransitive Verbs Followed by Prepositions 163

（C）Cases Where Omission of Preposition Will Produce a Difference in Meaning 165

（B）Cases Where Omission of Preposition Produces No Difference in Meaning 165

（D）Cases Where a Different Preposition Gives a Different Meaning to Verb 169

（E）Cases Where a Different Preposition Gives No Appreciable Differencc of Meaning to Verb 173

（F）Intransitive Verbs with Double Prepositional Phrases 174

B．Transitive Verbs Followed by Prepositions 175

（A）Mono-transitive Preposition Combinations Which Admit of Object Shuffling 175

（B）Mono-transitive Preposition Combinations Which Are Liable to Abuses of object Shuffling 176

Different Meaning to the Situation 177

（a）with Verbs in the Active voice 177

（C）Cases Where a Different Preposition Gives a 177

（b）with Verbs in The Passive Voice 178

（D）A Few Cases Where Mono-transitive Preposition Combinations May Become Other Mono-transitive or Di-transitive Constructions by Dropping the Preposition 180

（E）Great Majority of Mono-transitive Preposition Constructions Are Fixed and Invariable 180

（F）A Few Reflexive Mono-transitive Preposition Constructions，Which Are Fixed and Invariable 181

C．The Verb“to be”Followed by Prepositions 181

（A）“To be at”with Phrases 182

（B）“To be in”with Phrases 183

（C）“To be on”with Phrases 183

（D）“To be out of”with Phrases 184

（E）Miscellaneous“To be plus Preposition”Phrases 184

D．Conclusion 186