测绘专业英语PDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Overviews 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Branches of surveying 2

1.2.1 Geodetic surveying 2

1.2.2 Plane surveying 2

1.2.3 Topographic surveying 3

1.2.4 Engineering surveying 3

1.2.5 Cadastral surveying 3

1.2.6 Hydrographic surveying 3

1.2.7 Mine surveying 4

1.3 Developments of surveying 4

1.3.1 Surveying techniques 5

1.3.2 Surveying equipments 5

1.3.3 Origin of Geomatics 6

1.4 Achievements of China's surveying 7

Chapter 2 Datums of Surveying 12

2.1 Introduction 12

2.2 Geoid and reference ellipsoid 12

2.2.1 Mean Sea Level and Geoid 12

2.2.2 Reference ellipsoid 13

2.3 Map projections 14

2.3.1 Three kinds of projections 15

2.3.2 Typical map projections 20

2.4 Datums and coordinate system 22

2.4.1 Horizontal and vertical datums 22

2.4.2 Coordinate systems 23

2.4.3 Coordinate conversions 25

Chapter 3 Distance Measurement 28

3.1 Introduction 28

3.2 Taping 28

3.3 Tacheometry 30

3.4 EDM measurement 31

Chapter 4 Elevation Measurement 34

4.1 Introduction 34

4.2 Leveling instruments 34

4.2.1 Ordinary level 34

4.2.2 Automatie level 36

4.2.3 Digital level 36

4.2.4 Laser level 36

4.3 Spirit leveling work 37

4.3.1 Principle of spirit leveling 37

4.3.2 Methods of spirit leveling 37

4.3.3 Refraction and curvature 39

4.4 Trigonometric leveling 40

4.4.1 Instruments oftrigonometric leveling 40

4.4.2 Principle of trigonometric leveling 40

4.4.3 Methods of trigonometric leveling 41

Chapter 5 Angle Measurement 43

5.1 Introduction 43

5.1.1 Horizontal angle 43

5.1.2 Vertical angle 43

5.2 Direction and azimuth 44

5.2.1 Direction of line 44

5.2.2 Azimuth and bearing 45

5.3 Theodolite 46

5.3.1 Optical theodolite 46

5.3.2 Electronic theodolite 47

5.4 Angle measurement 48

5.4.1 Horizontal angle measurement 48

5.4.2 Vertical angle measurement 50

Chapter 6 Measurement Errors 52

6.1 Introduction 52

6.1.1 Sources of errors 52

6.1.2 Mistakes in measurements 52

6.2 Classifications of errors 53

6.2.1 Systematic errors 53

6.2.2 Random errors 53

6.3 Analysis of random errors 54

6.3.1 Properties of random errors 54

6.3.2 Mean and standard deviation 55

6.3.3 Propagation of errors 56

6.4 Least-squares adjustment 57

6.4.1 Principles of adjustment 57

6.4.2 Models of adiustment 57

6.4.3 Adjustment methods 58

Chapter 7 Control Surveying 60

7.1 Control networks 60

7.1.1 Types of control networks 60

7.1.2 GPS control networks 61

7.1.3 Accuracy of control surveying 61

7.2 Triangulations and intersections 62

7.2.1 Triangulation methods 62

7.2.2 Intersection methods 62

7.3 Traversing 64

7.3.1 Classifications of traversing 64

7.3.2 Closures of traversing 66

7.3.3 Calculations of traversing 67

7.3.4 Traverse networks 68

7.4 Vertical control surveying 68

7.4.1 Differential leveling 68

7.4.2 Reciprocal leveling 69

7.4.3 Trigonometric leveling 70

Chapter 8 Engineering Surveying 72

8.1 New survey equipments 72

8.1.1 Total station 72

8.1.2 Laser rangefinder 74

8.1.3 3D laser scanner 76

8.1.4 Gyro-theodolite 78

8.2 Construction layout 80

8.2.1 Establishing control points 81

8.2.2 Construction layout 81

8.2.3 Techniques of layout 82

8.2.4 As-built surveys 83

8.3 Deformation monitoring 84

8.3.1 Deformation parameters 85

8.3.2 Monitoring schemes 86

8.3.3 Monitoring techniques 88

8.3.4 Reference network design 90

8.3.5 Monitoring data processing 91

8.4 Surface subsidence observation 92

8.4.1 Factors affecting surface subsidence 92

8.4.2 Subsidence observation lines 94

8.4.3 Frequency of subsidence surveys 96

8.4.4 Survey instruments and techniques 97

Chapter 9 Map and Cartography 101

9.1 Introduction 101

9.1.1 Map scale 101

9.1.2 Map elements 102

9.1.3 Map Types 102

9.2 Cartographic technology 103

9.2.1 Cartographic process 103

9.2.2 Map design 104

9.2.3 Computer-aided design 106

9.3 Developments of cartography 106

9.3.1 Technological advances 106

9.3.2 Cartographic software 107

9.3.3 Electronic maps 107

Chapter 10 Global Positioning System 109

10.1 Introduction 109

10.2 Basic principles of GPS 111

10.2.1 GPS positioning principle 111

10.2.2 GPS positioning methods 114

10.2.3 Error sources of GPS 116

10.3 Differential GPS 118

10.3.1 Differential principle 118

10.3.2 Differential processing 119

10.3.3 Accuracy of DGPS 120

10.4 RTK GPS technology 120

10.4.1 Basic principle of RTK 120

10.4.2 Carrier phase tracking 121

10.4.3 CORS Network ofRTK 122

Chapter 11 Remote Sensing 125

11.1 Overviews 125

11.1.1 Concepts of RS 125

11.1.2 Types of RS platforms 126

11.1.3 Classifications of RS 127

11.1.4 Applications of RS 128

11.2 RS working principles 129

11.2.1 Electromagnetic energy 129

11.2.2 Interactions with the terrain 129

11.2.3 RS working process 131

11.3 Remote sensing data 132

11.3.1 Ground referenee data 132

11.3.2 RS data acquisition 134

11.3.3 RS data formats 135

11.4 RS data processing 136

11.4.1 RS data interpretation 137

11.4.2 Digital RS image processing 138

11.4.3 Thematic Classification 142

11.4.4 RS data integrations 143

Chapter 12 Geographic Information System 146

12.1 Introduction 146

12.1.1 Components of GIS 146

12.1.2 Functions of GIS 148

12.1.3 Applications of GIS 149

12.2 Data structures 150

12.2.1 Raster Data Structures 150

12.2.2 Vector Data Structures 153

12.2.3 Comparisons of data structures 156

12.3 Data processing 157

12.3.1 Data input 157

12.3.2 Data preprocessing 158

12.3.3 Spatial analysis 159

12.4 Product generation 164

12.4.1 Map products 164

12.4.2 Image products 165

12.4.3 Statistical charts 165

12.4.4 Digital Terrain Model 166

References 169

Vocabulary 171