中国农业面源污染控制对策 中英文PDF电子书下载

第一编 中国农业非点源污染的现状、原因和控制对策 1

1 中国农业非点源污染的现状 1

1.1　化肥施用引起的非点源污染现状 1

1.2　农药施用引起的非点源污染现状 4

1.3 湖泊富营养化现状 5

2 中国农业非点源污染的原因 6

2.1　粮食安全保障的压力大 6

2.2　蔬菜生产的发展迅猛 6

2.3　农田养分循环不平衡 8

2.4　规模化养殖业发展快、有机废弃物处理率低 9

2.5　农业技术推广体系不健全 11

2.6　过量施用氮肥，超过农学、经济学和环境学的最佳施肥量 12

2.7　开放的化肥市场政策下农民过量施肥 12

3 国际上控制农业非点源污染的经验 13

3.1 国际制定有关肥料和农药合理施用法规的经验 13

4.1　政策建议 14

4　中国农业非点源污染的控制对策 14

3.3　应用经济手段 14

3.2　强制方法和志愿方法 14

4.2　环境立法建议 16

4.3　技术体系建议 17

参考文献 18

第二编 中国农田生态系统中氮素平衡状况及其变化趋势 20

1 引言 20

2.3 空间分析 21

2.2　数据 21

2.1　农田生态系统中氮素平衡量的计算 21

2　农田生态系统氮素平衡的计算和分析 21

2.4　氮素平衡预测 22

3　我国农田氮素平衡的现状和变化趋势 22

3.1 国家尺度上养分平衡的现状与变化趋势 22

3.2　省级的氮素平衡现状和变化 23

3.3　氮素环境潜在风险评价 24

4　影响我国农田养分平衡的因素 25

4.1　社会经济因子 25

4.2 离大城市的距离对氮素平衡的影响 26

5 结论 27

参考文献 28

第三编 中国典型地区农用化学品投入及地下水硝酸盐污染——湖北、湖南、山东、河北案例研究 30

1 前言 30

2　材料与方法 31

2.1　农户调查及背景 31

2.2　地下水取样分析 31

3　结果与分析 32

3.1 中国及典型区域农业投入变化 32

3.2　农用化学品的结构变化 32

3.3　农用化学品使用量的变化 . 34

3.4　蔬菜种植区地下水硝酸盐污染 37

3.5　农户意向调查 38

3.6　化肥过量施用与其他形式的氮投入 39

4 结论 40

5 建议 41

参考文献 41

第四编　传统蔬菜生产中的养分投入分析及其对环境的影响 43

1 我国主要蔬菜产区传统养分投入特点及盈余分析 43

2.1　施肥现状及对环境的影响 46

2　案例分析：寿光菜区土壤养分管理现状及其对环境的影响 46

2.2　蔬菜保护地氮素资源综合管理技术的应用 49

3　菜田的氮素有效管理对策 54

3.1　考虑环境养分供应，实现氮素养分资源综合管理 54

3.2　灌溉施肥体系的水氮一体化管理 54

3.3　填闲作物在减少氮素损失中的作用 55

3.4　缓（控）释肥在减少氮素污染，提高肥料利用率中的作用 56

4　结论 56

参考文献 57

2　中国农药使用状况 60

2.1　近10多年农药使用量的变化趋势 60

第五编 中国农药污染及其对策 60

1 引言 60

2.2　农药类型结构 61

2.3　主要农药品种 61

2.4　农药使用量的区域分布特征 62

2.5　农药施用水平区域差异性 63

4.1　农药对土壤的污染 65

4　中国农药污染状况 65

3 中国农药管理状况 65

3.2　农药管理体制 65

3.1　农药管理法律、法规和标准 65

4.2　农药对水环境的污染 66

4.3　农药对大气质量的影响 67

4.4　农药对农产品的污染 68

4.5 农药企业“三废”排放对周围生态环境的污染 69

5　农药面源污染的原因与对策 69

参考文献 70

第六编 中国湖泊富营养化中的非点源污染问题 72

1 中国湖泊富营养化基本现状 72

2 中国湖泊富营养化产生原因 74

2.1　点源排放 74

2.2　非点源排放 75

2.3 湖泊营养物来源的分类 77

3 中国湖泊富营养化的防治对策 77

3.1　制定以非点源控制为主的战略方针 77

3.2　加快重点湖泊富营养化污染的治理工程 78

3.3　加强湖泊的环境管理 79

参考文献 80

第七编　农民化肥使用水平的经济评价和分析 81

1 引言 81

2　中国化肥的供给、需求及其未来趋势 82

3　化肥和农业产出 84

4.1　分析数据的来源 85

4.2　变量定义 85

4　分析数据的来源和分析变量的定义 85

5　高单产、高水平的化肥投入 87

6　实证研究方法 88

7　施肥是否过量的结果分析与讨论 90

8　省际间施肥过量程度的比较 96

9　不同地区间施肥过量程度的差异 97

10　结论 98

参考文献 99

1 引言 101

2　分析框架 101

第八编　化肥使用对农民生计的影响及政策启示 101

3　案例研究 103

3.1　家庭收入及分布 103

3.2　化肥施用量 104

3.3　化肥支出占生产费用份额 105

3.4　化肥价格变化对农户收入影响 106

3.5　对环境影响的认识 108

3.6　化肥销售及技术咨询服务 110

4　总结及政策启示 111

参考文献 113

第九编 中国作物生产非点源污染控制对策国际研讨会综述 115

1　会议的意义和研究目标 115

2 中国作物生产的非点源污染现状 116

2.1 中国作物生产的非点源污染现状 116

2.2 中国控制农业非点源污染的措施 117

3 国际上非点源污染的控制方针与对策 118

3.1　欧盟非点源污染控制的政策框架与技术手段 118

3.2　英国的硝酸盐污染控制——硝酸盐脆弱区设置条例 119

3.4 日本农业非点源污染控制方面的政策与措施 120

3.3　澳大利亚的农业非点源污染控制 120

3.5　越南农作物生产中非点源污染的状况与对策措施 121

4　中国非点源污染问题的几个方面 121

4.1 中国农业体系中氮素收支的差额 121

4.2　中国湖泊富营养化发生的原因与治理对策 121

4.3 中国农药污染及其对策 122

4.4　农村非点源污染及其控制对策 122

4.5　近年来农民对于农用化学品的使用及其发展趋势 122

5.1　开发基于CIS的灌溉和氮肥管理方面决策支持工具 123

5　未来的措施与对策 123

4.6　肥料施用与农民生计问题 123

5.2　实行绿色税制 124

5.3　农户参与研究及定点氮肥管理 124

5.4　农业与农村非点源污染控制的国家政策框架 125

5.5　江苏省非点源污染防控对策 126

5.6　北京水土保持工作在控制非点源污染方面的理论与实践 126

附件　农业面源污染工作组发表的论文 127

1.1 Non-point pollutionfrom synthetic fertilizers 135

Chapter 1 Policy Recommendations to Reduce Non-point Pollution from Crop Production in China 135

1 Status of Non-point Pollution from Crop Production in China 135

1.2 Pesticide pollution 139

1.3 Status of eutrophication of Chinese lakes 140

2 Reasons for Non-point Pollution from Crop Production in China 140

2.1 The pressure for high levels offood self-sufficiency in China 140

2.2 The fast development of vegetable production 141

2.3 Unbalanced nutrient inputs to China's agro-eco systems 143

2.4 Rapid development of intensive livestock production withlimited treatment of organic wastes 145

2.5 Inadequate agricultural extension system 147

2.6 Overuse of nitrogen fertilizer because of the failure to take account of the agronomic,economic and environmental optimum application rate 148

2.7 Over-fertilization behaviour of farmer under open market conditions 148

3 International Experience with Non-point Pollution Control 152

3.1 Experience with laws and regulations to promote the sound use of agro-chemicals 152

3.2 Mandatory versus voluntary measures 153

3.3 Use of economic instruments 153

4 Policy Recommendations to Reduce Non-point Pollution from Agriculture in China 153

4.1 Pohcy recommendations 154

4.2 Improvements in Environmental legislation recommendations 156

4.3 Improvement of technology delivery systems 157

References 159

Chapter 2 Status and Trends of the Nitrogen Budget of China's Agriculture System 162

1 Introduction 162

2 Calculation and Analysis of N balance of Agro-ecosystems 163

2.1 Calculation of nitrogen balance in agro-ecosystems 163

2.2 Data 163

3 Status and Trends of Nitrogen Budget in China 164

3.1 Status and trends of nitrogen budget at national scale 164

2.4 N budget projections 164

2.3 Spatial Analysis 164

3.2 Status and changes of nitrogen budget at provincial scale 165

3.3 Nitrogen risk evaluation 166

4 Analysis of the Driving Forces for Nutrient Budget Variability 168

4.1 Social and economic factors 168

4.2 Effects of the distance from a large city on N budget 169

5 Conclusions 170

References 171

Chapter 3 Agrochemical use and nitrate pollution of groundwater in typical crop production areas of China-case studies in Hubei,Hunan,Shandong and Hebei provinces 173

1 Introduction 173

2 Material and Methods 174

2.1 Background to the farm surveys 174

2.2 Groundwater sampling 175

3 Results and Analysis 176

3.1 Agrochemical input use in typical regions of China 176

3.2 Qualitative changes in the use of synthetic agrochemicals 176

3.3 Application rates of agrochemicals 179

3.4 Nitrate contamination of groundwater in vegetable growing areas 183

3.5 Changes in Farmer's attitude to the use of agrochemicals 1966—2004 184

3.6 Synthetic fertilizer overuse in relation to other N inputs to crop production 185

4 Conclusions 186

5 Suggestions 187

References 187

Chapter 4 Environmental assessment of nutrient management in vegetable production in China 189

1 Regional Fertilizer Use for Vegetable Production in China 189

2.1 Current situation of nutrient management practices and their environmental impacts 193

2 Case Study:Nitrogen Management in Typical Greenhouse Vegetable Planting Systems in Shouguang 193

2.2 Integrated N management systems and improved N input recommendations 196

3 Site-specific N Management Strategies 202

3.1 Integrated use of nitrogen from different sources and the improvement of the N cycle in vegetable systems 202

3.2 Water and nitrogen management in fertigation system 203

3.3 Cover cropadditional effects to reduce N loss 203

3.4 Use of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer 204

4 Conclusion 204

References 205

Chapter 5 Pesticide Pollution and Policy Recommendations in China 208

1 Introduction 208

2 Pesticide Use in China 208

2.1 The Changes in Pesticide Use in China over the Past 10 Years 208

2.2 The structure of pesticide types 209

2.3 The main pesticide types 209

2.4 Distribution of pesticide application in the different regions of China 210

2.5 Level of pesticide application in the different regions of China 210

3.1 The laws and regulations for pesticide management 212

3 Management of Pesticide in China 212

3.2 The system of pesticide management 213

4 The Pesticide Pollution in China 213

4.1 The soil contamination by pesticides 213

4.2 The contamination of water by pesticides 214

4.3 The contamination of atmosphere by pesticides 216

4.4 The contamination of agricultural products by pesticides 217

5 The Causes of Pesticide Pollution in China 218

4.5 The eco-environmental pollution from pesticide manufacturing 218

6 The Policy Recommendations to Control Pesticide Pollution in China 219

References 220

Chapter 6 Non-point and Point Source Pollution and the Eutrophication of Chinese Lakes 222

1 Present State of Lake Eutrophication in China 222

2 Reasons for Lake Eutrophication in China 224

2.1　 Point source pollution 224

2.2 Non-point source pollution(Npp) 226

2.3 Classification of nutrient source for lakes 227

3.1 Establishing a holistic policy that give priority to prevention 228

3 Measures to Prevent and Overcome Lake Eutrophication in China 228

3.2 Conducting more restoration projects on major eutrophic lakes 230

3.3 Strengthening environmental management of lake basins 231

References 231

Chapter 7 Economic Evaluation and Analysis of Fertiliser Overuse by China's Farmers 233

1 Introduction 233

2 Fertilizer Supply,Demand and Trade in China 235

3 Previous Studies on Synthetic Fertilizer and Output in China's Agriculture 237

4.1 Data 239

4 Data Sources and Variable Definitions 239

4.2 Variable definitions 240

5 High YieldsHigh Levels of Fertilizer Use 242

6 Empirical Approach 244

7 Results and Discussion:Is Fertilizer Overused? 246

8 Provincial-level Results 254

9 Regional Difierences 255

10 Conclusion 256

References 257

1 Introduction 259

Chapter 8 Fertilizer Use and Rural Livelihood-Links and Policy Implications 259

2 Analytical Framework 260

3 The Case Study 262

3.1 Household income and distribution 262

3.2 Fertilizer application rates 264

3.3 Budget shares for fertilizer use 265

3.4 Impact of fertilizer price changes on incomes 266

3.5 Perceptions about environmental impacts 268

3.6 Access to fertilizer and technical advice 270

4 Summary and Policy Implications 272

References 275

Chapter 9 International Workshop on Policy Responses to Non-point Pollution from Crop Production in China:A review 277

1 Aims of the Workshop 277

2 Current Status ofNon-point Pollution from Crop Production in China 279

2.1 Status ofNpp from crop production in China 279

2.2 Counter measures for Npp control in China 280

3 International Experience and Policies with Npp Control 281

3.1 The policy framework for non-point pollution control in the European Union 281

3.2 Regulations for Nitrate Vulnerable Zones in the United Kingdom 283

3.4 Policies and countermeasures to control agricultural Npp in Japan 284

3.3 Controlling agricultural Npp in Australia 284

3.5 Status of Npp from crop production and the countermeasures used in Vietnam 286

4 Dimensions of the Npp Problem in China 286

4.1 N balance of China's agricultural system 286

4.2 The causes of lake eutrophication in China and control countermeasures 286

4.4 Npp from the countryside and its control 287

4.5 Recent trends in farmer's use of agrochemicals 287

4.3 Pesticide pollution in China and policy strategies and options 287

4.6 Fertilizer use and rural livelihoods 288

5 The Way Forward 289

5.1 GIS-based decision support tool for irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer management 289

5.2 Green taxation in China 290

5.3 Participatory farmers research and site specific N-management 291

5.4 The policy framework for Npp control in the China 291

5.5 Npp prevention and control in Jiangsu province 292

5.6 The status of Npp in Beijing 293

Appendix List of publications prepared by the Non-point Pollution Task Force 294