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Unit One 1

Introduction 2

The Buddha 2

The Dhamma 3

The Sangha 4

The Threefold Refuge 4

The Five Precepts 5

Unit Two 11

The Four Noble Truths 12

The Noble Truth of Suffering 13

The Five Khandhas,or Groups of Existence 14

The Group of Corporeality(rūpa-khandha) 15

Unit Three 23

The Group of Feeling(vedanā-khandha) 24

The Group of Perception(sa？ā-khandha) 24

The Group of Mental Formations(sa？khāra-khandha) 24

The Group of Consciousness(vi？ā？a-khandha) 25

The Three Characteristics of Existence(ti-lakkha？a) 26

Unit Four 35

The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering 36

The Threefold Craving 36

Origin of Craving 37

Dependent Origination of All Phenomena 37

Present Karma-Results 38

Future Karma-Results 38

Karma as Volition 39

Inheritance of Deeds(Karma) 39

Karma 40

Unit Five 47

The Noble Truth of the Extinction of Suffering 48

Dependent Extinction of All Phenomena 48

Nibbana 50

The Arahat,or Holy One 50

The Immutable 51

The Noble Truth of the Path That Leads to the Extinction of Suffering 52

The Two Extremes,and the Middle Path 52

The Eightfold Path 52

The Noble Eightfold Path(Ariya-a？ha？gikamagga) 53

Unit Six 61

Right Understanding(Sammā-di？hi) 62

Understanding the Four Truths 62

Understanding Merit and Demerit 62

Understanding the Three Characteristics(Ti-lakkha？a) 64

Unprofitable Questions 65

Five Fetters(Sa？yojana) 66

Unwise Considerations 66

The Six Views about the Self 67

Wise Considerations 68

Unit Seven 73

The Sotāpanna or'Stream-Enterer' 74

The Ten Fetters(Sa？yojana) 74

The Noble Ones(Ariya-puggala) 75

Mundane and Supermundane Right Understanding 76

Conjoined with Other Steps 77

Free from All Theories 77

The Three Characteristics 78

Views and Discussions about the Ego 79

Unit Eight 85

Past,Present and Future 86

The Two Extremes(Annihilation and Eternity Belief)and the Middle Doctrine 87

Dependent Origination(pa？icca-samuppāda) 87

Rebirth-Producing Karma 89

Cessation of Karma 90

Unit Nine 95

Right Thought(Sammā-sa？kappa) 96

Mundane and Supermundane Right Thought 96

Conjoined with other Factors 97

Right Speech(Sammā-vācā) 98

Abstaining from Lying 98

Abstaining from Tale-bearing 99

Abstaining from Harsh Language 99

Abstaining from Vain Talk 100

Mundane and Supermundane Right Speech 100

Conjoined with Other Factors 101

Unit Ten 105

Right Action(Sammā-kammanta) 106

Abstaining from Killing 106

Abstaining from Stealing 106

Abstaining from Unlawful Sexual Intercourse 107

Mundane and Supermundane Right Action 107

Conjoined with Other Factors 107

Right Livelihood(Sammā-ājīva) 109

Mundane and Supermundane Right Livelihood 109

Conjoined with Other Factors 110

Right Effort(Sammā-vāyāma) 111

The Effort to Avoid(Sa？vara-ppadhāna) 111

The Effort to Overcome(Pahāna-ppadhāna) 112

The Effort to Develop(Bhāvanā-ppadhāna) 113

The Effort to Maintain(Anurakkha？a-ppadhāna) 113

Unit Eleven 119

Right Mindfulness(Sammā-sati) 120

The Four Foundations of Mindfulness(Satipa？hāna) 120

Contemplation of the Body(kāyanupassanā) 120

Unit Twelve 131

Contemplation of the Feelings(vedanānupassanā) 132

Contemplation of the Mind(Cittānupassanā) 132

Contemplation of the Mind-Objects(dhammānupassanā) 133

Unit Thirteen 141

Nibbāna through ？nāpāna-Sati 142

Unit Fourteen 149

Right Concentration(Sammā-samādhi) 150

Its Definition 150

Its Objects 151

Its Requisites 151

Its Development 151

The Four Absorptions(jhāna) 152

Unit Fifteen 163

Gradual Development of the Eightfold Path in the Progress of the Disciple 164

Confidence and Right Thought(Second Factor) 164

Morality(Third,Fourth,Fifth Factor) 164

Control of the Senses(Sixth Factor) 166

Mindfulness and Clear Comprehension(Seventh Factor) 166

Absence of the Five Hindrances(nīvara？a) 167

The Absorptions(Eighth Factor) 167

Insight(vipassanā)(First Factor) 168

Nibbāna 168

The Silent Thinker 169

The True Goal 169

Appendix 175

Buddhist Literature 176

Index of Pali Terms 181

Chinese Text of the Word of the Buddha 199

Chinese Translation 203

Glossary 269