在语境中教语言 英文PDF电子书下载

1 On Knowing a Language 1

Introduction 1

Defining Language Proficiency 2

Proficiency and Language Acquisition Theory 19

Some Research Findings about Oral Proficiency 21

Issues in Language Proficiency Assessment:Caveats,Clarifications,and New Directions 27

Defining the Content of Instruction:The Standards for Foreign Language Learning 34

Summary:On Knowing a Language 41

Activities for Review and Discussion 42

References 44

2 On Learning a Language 51

Introduction 51

Exploring Theories of Language Learning 52

The Role of Individual Learner Factors in Second-Language Learning 75

Relating Theory to Practice:Some Considerations 77

Summary:On Learning a Language 80

Activities for Review and Discussion 80

References 81

3 On Teaching a Language 86

Orienting Instruction toward Proficiency 89

The Proficiency Orientation of Existing Methodologies:A Preliminary Appraisal 105

Three "Traditional" Methods 106

Reactions to Audiolingualism:Two Mentalist Perspectives 113

A Functional Approach:Communicative Language Teaching 116

Modern Adaptations of the Direct Method 118

Humanistic Approaches to Language Teaching 123

Summary:On Teaching a Language 129

Activities for Review and Discussion 130

References 131

4 The Role of Context in Comprehension and Learning 139

The Importance of Context and Background Knowledge in the Comprehension Process:Some Theoretical Considerations 144

Research on the Role of Context in Comprehension 149

The Role of Computers in Providing Richer Contexts for Language Learning 163

Integrating Language and Content:Immersion and Content-Based Instruction 164

Summary:The Role of Context in Comprehension and Learning 169

Activities for Review and Discussion 169

References 170

5 A Proficiency-Oriented Approach to Listening and Reading 176

A Rationale for Teaching Listening and Reading 176

Similarities in Listening and Reading 179

Differences between Spoken and Written Discourse 180

Integrating Listening,Reading,and the Productive Skills:The Vision of the Standards for Foreign Language Learning 182

Teaching Listening Comprehension 184

Sample Formats for Listening Comprehension 192

Teaching Reading Comprehension 203

Sample Formats for Reading Comprehension 210

Summary:A Proficiency-Oriented Approach to Listening and Reading 225

Activities for Review and Discussion 225

References 226

6 Developing Oral Proficiency 230

The Nature of Interlanguage 232

Planning Instruction for the Development of Oral Proficiency 235

Responding to the Learner 258

Summary:Developing Oral Proficiency 271

Activities for Review and Discussion 272

References 273

7 Becoming Proficient in Writing 280

Approaches to Teaching Writing at the Lower Levels of Proficiency 283

Expressive Writing at the Intermediate and Advanced Levels:Approaches to Teaching the Composing Process 310

Summary:Becoming Proficient in Writing 337

Activities for Review and Discussion 338

References 338

8 Teaching for Cultural Understanding 345

Introduction 345

Problems in the Teaching of Culture 346

Definitions,Models,Inventories,and Frameworks:Capturing the Essence of"Culture" 349

Strategies for Teaching Culture 358

Summary:Teaching for Cultural Understanding 384

Activities for Review and Discussion 384

References 385

9 Classroom Testing 390

Introduction 390

The Case for Hybrid Classroom Tests 396

Characteristics of Test Items and Item Types 398

Listening Comprehension Formats 401

Reading Comprehension Formats 408

Writing and Mixed-Skills Formats 414

Guidelines for Creating Contextualized Paper-and-Pencil Tests 429

Testing Oral Skills 431

Summary:Classroom Testing 447

Appendix 448

Activities for Review and Discussion 451

References 451

EPilogue Planning Instruction for the Proficiency-Oriented Classroom 456

Setting Goals for a Proficiency-Oriented Program 457

Guidelines for Planning Lessons 462

Increasing Focus on Students' Interests 464

In Conclusion 465

Activities for Review and Discussion 466

References 466

Appendix A ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines—Speaking Revised 1999 469

Appendix B Sample Foreign Language Media Evaluation Criteria 477

Appendix C Samples of Error Coding Procedures for Written Work 485

Text Permissions 489

Index 490