CONTENTS 1
序 王宗炎 1
前言 1
PART ONE PRELIMINARIES 1
1．INTRODUCTION 1
2．WHAT IS PHONOLOGY？ 3
2.1 The medium of language is sound 3
2.2 Phonetics and linguistics 4
2.3 Phonetics and phonology 5
2.4 Phonemes and allophones 9
2.5 Redundancy and distinctiveness 10
2.6 Phonetic transcription and phonemic transcription 13
2.7 Prosodic phonology and suprasegmental phonology 14
2.7.1 Length 15
2.7.2 Stress 15
2.7.3 Intonation 16
2.7.4 Tone 20
Key terms and concepts 21
Questions and exercises 22
3.2 The air-stream mechanism 23
3.1 Introduction 23
3．THE MECHANISM OF SPEECH PRODUCTION 23
3.3 The vocal cords 24
3.4 The pharynx 26
3.5 The soft palate 26
3.6 The roof of the mouth 27
3.7 The tongue 28
3.8 The teeth 28
3.9 The lips 29
3.10 The active and passive articulators 30
Questions and exercises 31
Key terms and concepts 31
4．THE SYLLABLE：VOWEL AND CONSONANT 33
4.1 The syllable 33
4.2 Vowel and consonant 35
4.3 Vowel-likes，semi-consonants or semi-vowels 38
4.4 Vocoids and contoids 38
Key terms and concepts 41
Questions and exercises 41
5．DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS 42
5.1 Description of consonants 42
5.2 Place of articulation 43
5.3.1 Complete closure 48
5.3 Manner of articulation 48
5.3.2 Intermittent closure 49
5.3.3 Partial closure 50
5.3.4 Narrowing 50
5.3.5 Approximants 50
5.4 Fortis and Lenis 51
Key terms and concepts 52
Questions and exercises 52
6．DESCRIPTION AND NAMING OF VOWELS 54
6.1 Production of vowels 54
6.2 Close，half-close，half-open，open 55
6.3 Front，central，back 56
6.4 Rounded and unrounded 58
6.5 Tense and lax 58
6.6 Oral vowels and nasal vowels 60
6.7 Monophthongs and diphthongs 61
6.8 Retroflexed vowels 62
Key terms and concepts 63
Questions and exercises 64
7．CARDINAL VOWELS AND VOWEL TRANSCRIPTION 65
7.1 History 65
7.2 The vowel limit 67
7.3.1 Cardinal vowels 1 and 5 68
7.3 Description of the cardinal vowels 68
7.3.2 Cardinal vowels 2，3，4 and 6，7，8 69
7.3.3 Lip positions of the cardinal vowels 70
7.3.4 The secondary cardinal vowels 71
7.4 Principles of vowel transcription 72
Key terms and concepts 73
Questions and exercises 73
8．GROUPING PHONES INTO PHONEMES 75
8.1 The phoneme as a phonetic reality 75
8.2 Complementary distribution 76
8.3 Phonetic similarity 77
8.4 Free variation 79
Key terms and concepts 81
Questions and exercises 81
PART TWO BRITISH RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION 82
9．INTRODUCTION 82
9.1 Aims 82
9.2 The standard of British English pronunciation 84
9.3 Jones’definition of RP is no longer valid 86
9.4 Gimson：the conservative nature of Jones’speech 88
9.5 Gimson：the instability of advanced RP 90
9.6 Gimson’s conclusion 92
9.7 The importance of a good pronunciation 94
Key tems and concepts 96
Questions and exercises 97
10．THE ENGLISH VOWELS 98
10.1 RP vowel system 98
10.2 Characteristics of modern RP vowels 99
10.3 Classification of RP vowels 101
Key terms and concepts 105
Questions and exercises 106
11．PURE VOWELS 107
11.1 English and Chinese pure vowels compared 107
11.2 ／i： 109
11.3 ／？ 111
11.4 ／e 113
11.5 ／？ 114
11.6 ／？ 115
11.7 ／？： 117
11.8 ／？ 118
11.9 ／？： 120
11.10 ／？ 121
11.11 ／u： 122
11.12 ／？： 124
11.13 ／？ 125
Key terns and concepts 128
Questions and exercises 128
12．DIPHTHONGS 130
12.1 English diphthongs in comparison with PTH and SCH diphthongs 130
12.2 ／e？ 132
12.3 ／a？ 135
12.4 ／？ 136
12.5 ／？ 137
12.6 ／？ 139
12.7 ／？ 140
12.8 ／？ 142
12.9 ／？ 143
Key terms and concepts 145
Questions and exercises 145
13．WEAK FORMS AND STRONG FORMS 146
13.1 Weak forms-normal forms 146
13.2 Features of weak forms 147
13.3 Conjunctions 148
13.4 Pronouns 149
13.5 Verbs 150
13.6 Determiners 153
13.8 There 154
13.7 Prepositions 154
13.9 Contracted forms 155
13.10 The use of strong forms 157
Key terms and concepts 157
Questions and exercises 158
14．THE ENGLISH CONSONANTS 160
14.1 RP consonant system 160
14.2 English and Chinese consonant systems compared 162
14.3 Voiced or voiceless？ 165
14.4 Strong and weak consonants 167
Key terms and concepts 168
Questions and exercises 169
15．PLOSIVES 170
15.1 Three stages of a plosive 170
15.2 Phonetic and phonemic features of English plosives 170
15.3 The release stage of English plosives 173
15.4 Bilabial plosives／p，b 179
15.5 Alveolar plosives／t，d 181
15.6 Velar plosives／k，g 183
Key tems and concepts 186
Questions and exercises 186
16.1 Definition 187
16．AFFRICATES 187
16.2 General comments 188
16.3 Palato-alveolar affricates／t？，d？ 189
16.4 Post-alveolar affricates／tr，dr 191
Key tems and concepts 194
Questions and exercises 194
17．FRICATIVES 195
17.1 Phonetic and phonemic features of English fricatives 195
17.2 Main deficiancies of Chinese learners 197
17.3 Labio-dental fricatives／f，v 199
17.4 Dental fricatives／？，？ 201
17.5 Alveolar fricatives／s，z 203
17.6 Palato-alveolar fricatives／？，？ 208
17.7 Glottal fricative／h 211
Key terms and concepts 212
Questions and exercises 213
18．NASALS 214
18.1 The English nasal consonant system 214
18.2 Some comments on teaching nasals 215
18.3 Bilabial nasal／m 216
18.4 Alveolar nasal／n 218
18.5 Velar nasal／？ 220
18 6 Nasal assimilations 222
18.7 Sonorant consonants and syllabic nasals 223
Key terms and concepts 224
Questions and exercises 225
19．LATERALS 226
19.1 The Chinese lateral 227
19.2 Main allophones of the RP／l／phoneme 227
19.2.1 Clear〔l〕 227
19.2.2 Dark〔？〕 227
19.2.3 Syllabic〔l〕 228
19.2.4 Devoiced〔？〕 229
19.3 Alveolar lateral／l 230
Questions and exercises 234
Key terms and concepts 234
20．APPROXIMANTS 235
20.1 Frictionlessness-the most important thing 235
20 2 Post-alveolar approximant／r 236
20.3 Main allophones of／r 239
20.4 Linking／r／and intrusive／r 240
20.5 Unrounded palatal semi-vowel ／j 242
20.6 Main allophones of／j 244
20.7 Labio-velar semi-vowel／w 245
20.8 Main allophones of／w 247
Questions and exercises 248
Key tems and concepts 248
21．PHONOTACTICS 249
21.1 Phonotactics 249
21.2 The nature of the English syllable 250
21.3 The structure of the English syllable 251
21.3.1 Syllable onsets 252
21.3.2 Syllable terminations 253
21.4 Pronunciation of-s endings 256
21.5 Pronunciation of-ed endings 258
Key terms and concepts 260
Questions and exercises 260
22.1 Introduction 262
22．PHONOLOGICAL RULES 262
22.2 Phonological rules 263
22.3 Some English phonemes and their allophones 270
22.3.1 The allophones of／P 270
22.3.2 The allophones of／b 271
22.3.3 The allophones of ／t 271
22.3.4 The allophones of／d 272
22.3.5 The allophones of／k 272
22.3.6 The allophones of／ɡ 272
22.3.11 The allophones of／z 273
22.3.10 The allophones of／s 273
22.3.8 The allophones of／v 273
22.3.9 The allophones of／？ 273
22.3.7 The allophones of／d？ 273
22.3.12 The allophones of／m 274
22.3.13 The allophones of／n 274
22.3.14 The allophones of／？ 274
Key tems and concepts 275
Questions and exercises 275
23．WORD ACCENTUAL PATTERNS 276
23.1 Accent 276
23.2 What makes a syllable more prominent？ 277
23.3 Primary and secondary accentuation 278
23.4 Word accentual patterns 279
23.5 Compound words 281
23.6 Accentuation of idiomatic expressions 284
23.7 The intermediate accent rule 286
23.8 Chinese word accentual patterns 288
23.9 Placement of accent within the word 289
23.9.1 The verb rule 289
23.9.2 The noun rule 291
23.9.3 The adjective rule 292
23.10 Word accent mistakes heard from Chinese learners 292
Key terms and concepts 293
Questions and exercises 294
24．ENGLISH RHYTHM 295
24.1 Rhythm 295
24.2 Syllable-timed rhythm and stress-timed rhythm 297
24.3 Foot 299
24.4 Influence of rhythm upon the length of RP vowels 301
24.5 Is Chinese a syllable-timed language？ 303
Key terms and concepts 304
Questions and exercises 304
25.2 What is assimilation？ 309
25.1 Introduction 309
25．NATURALPROCESSES AND DISTINCTIVE FEATURES 309
25.3 Types of assimilation 311
25.4 Elision 316
25.5 Liaison 318
25.6 Juncture 319
25.7 Some examples of the Chinese language 321
25.8 Distinctive features 322
25.8.1 The major class features 322
25.8.2 Manner features 323
25.8.4 Place of articulation features 324
25.8.3 Tongue body features 324
25.8.6 Subsidiary features 325
25.8.7 Prosodic features 325
25.8.5 Lip shape features 325
25.9 Natural classes 326
25.10 Natural processes 329
Key tems and concepts 330
Questions and exercises 330
PART THREE ENGLISH INTONATION 333
26．INTRODUTION 333
27.1 Types of nuclear tone 335
27．NUCLEAR TONES IN RECEIVED 335
PRONUNCIATION 335
27.2 Low Fall 337
27.3 High Fall 337
27.4 Low Rise 338
27.5 High Rise 340
27.6 Fall-Rise 341
27.7 Fall+Rise 343
27.8 Rise-Fall 348
27.10 Nucleus and the nuclear tail 350
27.9 Mid-Level 350
Key terms and concepts 354
Questions and exercises 355
28．TONE UNIT 357
28.1 Definition 357
28.2 How to divide a message into tone units 358
28.3 Tone unit identification 361
28.4 Internal structure of the tone unit 363
28.5 Head patterns 366
28.5.1 The low head 366
28.5.2 The high head 367
28.5.3 The falling head 368
28.5.4 The rising head 369
28.6 Pre-heads 370
28.6.1 The low pre-head 371
28.6.2 The high pre-head 372
Key terms and concepts 374
Questions and exercises 374
29．ACCENTUAL FUNCTION OF INTONATION 377
29.1 Types of tonic placement 377
29.1.1 Neutral tonic 377
29.1.2 Marked tonic 378
29.2.1 Tonic placement for emphasis 379
29.2 Tonic placement rules 379
29.2.2 Tonic placement for focusing new information 381
29.2.3 Syntagmatic focus 383
Key terms and concepts 384
Questions and exercises 384
30．GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION OF 387
INTONATION 387
30.1 Tonality and tonicity 388
30.2 Tone 392
Questions and exercises 397
Key terns and concepts 397
3 1．DISCOURSE FUNCTION AND ATTITUDINAL FUNCTION OF INTONATION 398
31.1 The discourse function of intonation 398
31.1.1 Tone 398
31.1.2 Tonicity 399
31.1.3 Intonational subordination 401
31.2 The attitudinal function of intonation 402
31.3 Other devices for signalling attitudes 404
Key terns and concepts 405
Questions and exercises 406
32．TONE SELECTION 408
32.1 Statements 409
32.2 Wh-questions 414
32.3 Yes／No questions 416
32.4 Tag-questions 418
32.5 Commands and requests 419
32.6 Exclamations and greetings 421
32.7 Emphasis 424
Key terms and concepts 427
Questions and exercises 427
33．TONE SEQUENCES 429
Key terms and concepts 432
Questions and exercises 432
34.1 Grammar and intonation 435
34．PROBLEMS OF CHINESE STUDENTS IN LEARNING BRITISH ENGLISH INTONATION 435
34.2 Pitch and accents 438
34.3 Accents and the nucleus 441
34.4 Summary 445
Questions and exercises 445
APPENDIX Ⅰ Answers to Exercises 448
APPENDIXⅡ RP Dictation 459
APPENDIXⅢ Abbreviations 462
REFERENCES 464
INDEX（with Chinese translation） 476
王宗炎后记 501