CHAPTER Ⅰ．The Simple Present of the Verb "to be" 1
1．Grammar 1
2．Verb Forms 1
3．Uses of the Simple Present Tense 2
4．The Simple Present of the Verb"to be" 3
a．Affirmative Statements 3
b．Questions 4
c．Negative Statements 4
d．Negative Questions 4
e．Tag Questions 5
Exercises 6
CHAPTER Ⅱ．The Simple Present of Verbs Other than the Verb"to be" 8
1．The Formation of the Simple Present 8
a．The Simple Present of the Verb"to have" 8
2．Spelling Rules for Adding"s"in the Third Person Singular 9
a．Verbs Ending in"y" 9
b．Verbs Ending in"o" 9
c．Verbs Ending in"ch","s","sh","x",or"z" 9
3．Pronunciation of the"es"Ending 10
4．The Auxiliary"do" 10
a．Questions 11
b．Negative Statements 11
c．Negative Questions 12
d．Tag Questions 12
Exercises 13
CHAPTER Ⅲ．The Present Continuous 16
1．Uses of the Present Continuous 16
2．Formation of the Present Continuous 16
3．Spelling Rules for the Formation of the Present Participle 16
a．Verbs Ending in a Silent"e" 16
b．Verbs Ending in"ie" 17
c．One-Syllable Verbs Ending in a Single Consonant Preceded by a Single Vowel 17
d．Verbs of More Than One Syll able Which End in a Single Consonant Preceded by a Single Vowel 19
4．Questions and Negative Statements 20
a．Questions 21
b．Negative Statements 21
c．Negative Questions 21
d．Tag Questions 21
5．Compari son of the Uses of the Simpl e Present and Present Continuous 21
Exercises 22
CHAPTER Ⅳ．The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous 25
1．Use of the Present Perfect 25
2．Formation of the Present Perfect-Regular Verbs 25
3．Spelling Rules for Adding"ed"to Form the Past Participle 26
a．Verbs Ending in a Sil ent"e" 26
b．Verbs Ending in"y" 26
c．Verbs Endingin a Single Consonant Preceded by a Single Vowel 27
4．Pronunciation of the"ed"Ending 28
5．Formation of the Present Perfect-Irregular Verbs 29
6．Questions and Negative Statements 29
a．Questions 29
b．Negati ve Statements 30
c．Negative Questions 30
d．Tag Questions 30
7．The Present Perfect Continuous 31
a．Use 31
b．Formation 31
c．Questions and Negative Statements 31
Exercises 33
CHAPTER Ⅴ．The Simple Past 37
1．Uses of the Simple Past 37
2．Formation of the Simple Past 37
a．The Verb"to be" 37
ⅰ．Questions and Negative Statements 37
b．Other Verbs 38
ⅰ．Questions and Negative Statements 39
3．The Simple Past of"to use"Followed by an Infinitive 41
Exercises 42
CHAPTER Ⅵ．The Past Continuous,the Past Perfect,and the Past Perfect Continuous 45
1．Summary of the Uses of the English Tenses 45
2．The Past Continuous 45
a．Use 45
b．Formation 46
c．Questions and Negative Statements 46
3．The Past Perfect 47
a．Use 47
b．Formation 47
c．Questions and Negative Statements 48
4．The Past Perfect Continuous 49
a．Use 49
b．Formation 49
c．Questions and Negative Statements 49
5．Summary of the Formati on of the English Present and Past Tenses 50
6．Emphatic Statements 51
Exercises 53
CHAPTER Ⅶ．The Future Tenses 58
1．The Simple Future 58
a．Use 58
b．Formation 58
c．Questions and Negative Statements 59
2．The Conjugation Expressing Determintion and Compulsion 60
3．The Present Continuous of"to go"Followed by an Infinitive 61
4．The Future Continuous 61
a．Use 61
b Formation 62
c．Questions and Negative Statements 62
5．The Future Perfect 63
a．Use 63
b．Formation 63
c．Questions and Negative Statements 63
6．The Future Perfect Continuous 64
a．Use 64
b．Formation 64
c．Questions and Negative Statements 65
7．Summary or the Formation of the English Future Tenses 66
8．Clauses 66
a．Coordinate Clauses 66
b．Subordinate Clauses 67
c．The Past Perfect and the Simple Past 67
d．The Use of the Present in Subordinate Clause to Express Future Actions 69
Exercises 69
CHAPTER Ⅷ．Conjugations With the Auxiliary"Would" 75
1．Uses of the Auxniliary"Wouwld" 75
2．Formtion of Conjugations with the Auxiliary"Would" 75
a．The Simple Conjugation With the Auxiliaty"Would" 75
b．The Continuous Conjugation with the Auxiliary"Would" 77
c．The Perfect Conjugation with the Auxiliary"Would" 77
d．The Perfect Continuous Conjugation with the Auxiliary"Would" 78
3．Summary of the Formation of the Conjugations with the Auxiliary"Would" 80
4．The"Future in the Past" 80
Exercises 82
CHAPTER Ⅸ．The Subjunctive 88
1．Uses of the Subjunctive 88
2．Formation of the Subjunctive 88
3．Formal Commands and Tequests 92
4．Wishes 92
a．An Earlier Time 93
b．The Same Time 93
c．A Later Time 93
d．Summary of the Forms of the Verb Usedin the Subordinate Clauses of Wishes 94
e．Use of the Auxil iary "Could" in Expressing Wishes 94
5．Conditions Which are False or Improbable 94
a．Forms of the Verb Used in the Main Clause 95
ⅰ．Actions Pertaining to the Present or the Future 95
ⅱ．Actions Pertaining to the Past 96
ⅲ．Summary of the Forms of the Verb Used in the Main Clauses of Statements Containing False or Improbable Conditions 96
ⅳ．Use of the Auxiliary "Could" in Statements Containing False or Improbable Conditions 96
b．Forms of the Subjunctive Usedin the Subordinate Clause 97
ⅰ．Conditions Pertaining to the Present or the Future 97
ⅱ．Conditions Pertaining to the Past 98
ⅲ．Summary of the Forms of the Subjunctive Used in Subordinate Clauses Expressing False or Improbable Conditions 98
c．Changing a Statement Containing a Probable Condition into a Statement Containing an Improbable Condition 98
6．The Imperative Mood 99
Exercises 100
CHAPTER Ⅹ．Modal Verbs 107
1．Formation of the Modal Conjugations 107
a．Questions 108
b．Negative Statements 108
c．Negative Questions 109
d．Tag Questions 109
2．Rel ationships Among the Modal Auxiliaries 109
3．"Can"and"Could" 110
4．"May","Might",and"Must" 111
5．"Should" 112
6．Expressions Which are Synonymous with the Modal Auxiliaries 112
a．The Pronunciation of"have to" 113
7．The Use of Auxiliaries in Tag Questions,Short Answers,and Ellipsis 114
a．Negative Tag Questions 114
b．Affirmative Tag Questions 114
c．Short Answers 115
d．Ellipsis 115
Exercises 118
CHAPTER Ⅺ．Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 125
1．Direct Objects 125
2．"Lay"and"Lie","Raise"and"Rise",and"Set"and"Sit" 125
a．"To Lay"and"To Lie" 126
b．"To Raise"and"To Rise" 126
c．"To Set"and"To Sit" 127
3．Indirect Objects 127
Exercises 129
CHAPTER Ⅻ．The Passive Voice 133
1．Use of the Passive Voice 133
2．Formation of the Indicative Mood of the Passive Voice 133
a．The Simple Present Indicative 133
b．The Other Indicative Tenses 134
c．Summary of the Formation of the Indicative Tenses of the Passive Voice 136
3．Questions and Negative Statements 137
a．Questions 137
b．Negative Statements 137
c．Negative Questions 137
4．Changing the Voice of a Verb 138
5．Changing the Voice of a Verb while Preserving the Meaning of a Sentence 138
a．Changing the Verb from the Active Voice to the Passive Voice 138
b．Changing the Verb from the Passive Voice to the Active Voice 139
c．Changing the Voice of a Verb which takes both a Direct Object and an Indirect Object 140
6．The Subjunctive Mood of the Passive Voice 141
a．Use of the Simple Present Subjunctive 142
b．Use of the Past Forms of the Subjunctive 143
Exercises 144
CHAPTER ⅩⅢ．Nouns-The Formation of Plurals 148
1．Proper Nouns 148
2．Countable Nouns 148
3．The Formation of Plurals 148
a．Nouns Ending in"ch","s","sh","x",or"z" 149
b．Nouns Ending in"y" 149
c．Plurals of Proper Nouns 150
d．Nouns Ending in"f"or"fe" 150
e．Nouns Ending in"o" 151
f．Foreign Words 152
g．Hyphenated Nouns 152
h．Number's and Letters 153
i．Irregular Plurals 153
Exercises 154
CHAPTER ⅩⅣ.Singular Countable Nouns 158
1．The Use of Determiners with Singul ar Countable Nouns 158
2．"A"and"An" 158
3．The Use of"A"and"An"Before Singul ar Countable Nouns 159
a．A Weakened Form of"One" 159
b．Naming a Profession 159
c．Making a General Statement 160
d．Referring to Something Not Mentioned Before 160
e．"A"or"An"with the Meaning of"Per" 160
4．The Use of"The"Before Singul ar Countable Nouns 160
a．Referring to Something Mentioned Before 160
b．Referring to Something Unique 161
c．Referring to Something Whenitis Considered Obvious What is Meant 161
d．Referring to Something as a Class 161
Exercises 162
CHAPTER ⅩⅤ．Plural Countable Nouns 164
1．The Absence of a Determiner Before Plural Countable Nouns 164
a．Making a General Statement 164
b．Referring to Something Not Mentioned Before 164
c．Naming a Profession 164
2．The Use of "The" Before Pl ural Countabl e Nouns 165
a．Referring to Something Mentioned Before 165
b．Referring to Something Whenitis Considered Obvious What is Meant 165
c．Names of Nationalities 165
d．Adjectives Referring to Classes of People 166
3．The Use of"The"with Proper Nouns 166
a．Names of People 166
b．Names of Places 167
4．Nouns Used Only in the Plural 168
Exercises 169
CHAPTER ⅩⅥ．Uncountabl e Nouns 173
1．The Absence of a Determiner Before Uncountable Nouns 173
a．Making a General Statement 173
b．Referring to Something Not Mentioned Before 173
2．The Use of"The"Before Uncountable Nouns 174
a．Referring to Something Mentioned Before 174
b．Referring to Something When it is Considered Obvious What is Meant 174
3．The Use of Uncountabl e Nouns to Refer to Individual Things 175
4．Nouns Which Can be Either Countable or Uncountable 176
a．Differencesin Meaning 176
b．Referring to a Type of Something 176
c．Referring to Places Used for Specific Activities 176
d．Names of Meals 177
5．Infinitives Usedin the Place of Nouns 177
6．Gerunds 177
7．Specific Verbs Followed by Infinitives and Gerunds 178
a．Verbs Followed by Infinitives 178
b．Verbs Followed by Either Infinitives or Gerunds 178
c．Verbs Followed by Gerunds 179
Exercises 180
CHAPTER ⅩⅦ．Nouns Indicating Possession and Compound Subjects 183
1．Waysin Which Possession is Indicated 183
a．The Ending's 183
b．The Ending s' 183
c．Phrases Beginning with"of" 184
d．Two Consecutive Nouns 184
2．Agreement of Verbs wi th Collective Nouns and Compound Subjects 184
a．Collective Nouns 185
b．Amounts Considered as a Whole 185
c．Compound Subjects 185
ⅰ．Compound Subjects with"And" 185
ⅱ．Compound Subjects with"Or"or"Nor" 186
d．Nouns Followed by Descriptive Phrases 187
Exercises 188
CHAPTER ⅩⅧ．Personal Pronouns 192
1．The Subjective Case 192
2．Agreement of Personal Pronouns with Their Antecedents 193
a．Male and Female Antecedents 193
b．Singular and Plural Antecedents 193
c．Human and Non-Human Antecedents 194
3．Special Uses of "It" 195
4．The Objective Case 196
5．Possessive Personal Pronouns 198
a．Possessive Adjectives 198
ⅰ．Possessive Adjectives Used with Gerunds 199
b．Possessive Pronouns 199
6．Reflexive Pronouns 200
Exercises 202
CHAPTER ⅩⅨ．Other Pronouns 211
1．Indefinite Pronouns 211
a．The Use of"One"in General Statements 212
2．Reciprocal Pronouns 213
3．Demonstrative Pronouns 213
4．Interrogative Pronouns 214
a．Direct Questions 215
b．The Pronoun"Who" 215
ⅰ．"Who" 215
ⅱ．"Whom" 216
ⅲ．"Whose" 216
c．"What"and"Which" 216
d．Indirect Questions 217
ⅰ．Interrogative Word as the Subject 217
ⅱ．Interrogative Word as the Object of a Verb or Preposition 218
ⅲ．The Verb"to be" 218
5．Relative Pronouns 221
a．Defining and Non-defining Relative Clauses 221
ⅰ．Non-defining Relative Clauses 221
ⅱ．Defining Relative Clauses 221
b．"That" 222
c．"Which" 222
d．"Who","Whom",and"Whose" 222
e．Comparison of the Use of"That","Which",and"Who" 223
f．Other Relative Pronouns 224
Exercises 225
CHAPTER ⅩⅩ．Determiners 234
1．Determiners Used to Refer to Groups of Two Persons or Things 238
2．Determiners Used as Singul ar Pronouns 240
3．The Use of"No","None",and "Not" 241
4．The Use of"Some"and"Any" 242
5．The Use of"Another","Other","Others",and"Else" 244
6．The Use of"Only" 245
7．The Use of"Few","Little",and "Several" 246
8．The Expressions"Such...That","So...That",and"Too" 246
a．"Such...That" 246
b．"So...That" 247
c．"Too" 248
Exercises 249
CHAPTER ⅩⅪ．Adjectives-Position in a Sentence 254
1．Proper Adjectives 254
2．Attri butive Adjectives 255
a．Order of Attributive Adjectives 255
ⅰ．Determiners 256
ⅱ．General Descri ptive Adjectives 258
ⅲ．Adjectives Indicating Color 259
ⅳ．Adjectives Indicating Materials 260
ⅴ．The Position of Proper Adjectives 260
ⅵ．Defining Adjectives 261
ⅶ．Ordinal Adjectives 262
b．Punctuation Used with Attri butive Adjectives 263
c．Stress Used with Attri butive Adjectives 264
ⅰ．Adjectives Indicating Materials 264
ⅱ．Defining Adjectives Indicating Location or Time 264
ⅲ．Defining Adjectives Indicating Purpose 265
3．Predicate Adjectives 265
a．Attributive Adjectives Which Can be Used as Predicate Adjectives 265
ⅰ．Order 266
ⅱ．Punctuation 267
b．Adjectives Which Can be Used Only as Predicate Adjectives 267
c．Linking Verbs 268
4．Interpol ated Adjectives 269
5．Adjectival Phrases and Clauses 270
6．Participles Used as Adjectives 270
a．Present Participles 271
b．Past Participles 271
c．Dangling Participles 271
d．Past Participles which Follow the Verb"to be" 273
Exercises 274
CHAPTER ⅩⅫ．Adjectives-Comparison：Part Ⅰ 283
1．Positive Forms of Adjectives Preceded and Followed by"As" 283
a．The Positive Form Combined with a Noun 284
b．The Use of Ellipsis 285
c．The Use of the Subjective Case 285
2．Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives Which Use Endings 286
a．Comparative Forms of Adjectives Which Use Endings 286
ⅰ．Spelling Rules 287
ⅱ．Irregul ar Adjectives 288
ⅲ．The Comparative Form Followed by"Than" 288
ⅳ．The Comparative Form Followed by a Noun，Followed by"Than" 289
ⅴ．The Use of Ellipsis 289
ⅵ．The Use of the Subjective Case 290
ⅶ．Progressi ve Comparisons 290
b．Superl ative Forms of Adjecti ves Which Use Endings 291
ⅰ．Spelling Rules 291
ⅱ．Irregul ar Adjectives 291
ⅲ．The Superl ative Form Preceded by"The" 292
ⅳ．The Use of Ellipsis 292
ⅴ．The Comparison of One of More Things With a Group 293
Exercises 294
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅢ．Adjectives-Comparison：Part Ⅱ 301
1．Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives Which do Not Use Endings 301
a．Comparative Forms-The Use of"More" 301
ⅰ．The Comparative Form Followed by"Than" 301
ⅱ．Progressive Comparisons 302
b．The Use of"Less" 302
ⅰ．The Construction"Less...Than" 303
ⅱ．The Construction"Not As...As" 303
ⅲ．The Construction"Less and Less" 304
c．Superlative Forms 304
2．The Adjectives"Many","Much","Few",and"Little"Used to Compare Quantities 305
a．The Use of"Many","Much","Few",and"Little"with Countable and Uncountable Nouns 305
b．Synonyms for"Many"and"Much" 306
c．Positive Forms Used in Comparisons 307
d．Comparative Forms Used in Comparisons 308
e．Superlative Forms Usedin Comparisons 309
3．The Adjectives"Similar","Different",and"Same"Usedin Comparisons 309
4．Making Logical Comparisons 311
Exercises 312
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅣ．Adverbs-Position in a Sentence 319
1．Adverbs Which Modify Adjectives and Other Adverbs 319
a．Intensifiers 320
2．Adverbs Which Modify Verbs 320
a．Adverbs of Frequency 320
b．Adverbs of Time 322
c．Adverbs of Manner 323
d．Connecting Adverbs 324
e．Adverb Phrases and Clauses of Purpose 325
f．Adverbs of Location 326
g．Negative Adverbs 329
3．Interrogative Adverbs 331
Exercises 332
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅤ．Adverbs of Manner and Adverbs Used in Comparisons 333
1．Adverbs of Manner 337
a．Spelling Rules for Adding"ly" 337
ⅰ．Adjectives Ending in"ic" 337
ⅱ．Adjectives Ending in"le" 337
ⅲ．Adjectives Ending in"ll" 338
ⅳ．Adjectives Ending in"ue" 338
ⅴ．Adjectives Endingin"y" 338
b．Adverbs Which Do Not Use the Ending"ly" 339
c．The Di fferi ng Functi ons of Adjectives and Adverbs 341
ⅰ．Adjectives Which Modify Nouns and Adverbs Which Modify Verbs 341
ⅱ．Adjectives Which Modify Nouns and Adverbs Which Modifv Verbs 341
ⅲ．Predicate Adjectives Which Modify the Subjects of Verbs and Adverbs Which Modify Verbs 342
2．Adverbs Used in Comparisons 343
a．The Formation of Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adverbs 343
ⅰ．Adverbs Used With"More"and"Most" 343
ⅱ．Adverbs Used With the Endings"er"and"est" 343
ⅲ．Irregular Adverbs 344
b．Positive Forms of Adverbs Used in Comparisons 344
ⅰ．The Construction With"As...As" 344
ⅱ．Ellipsis 344
c．Comparative Forms of Adverbs Used in Comparisons 344
ⅰ．The Construction With"Than" 344
ⅱ．Progressive Comparisons 345
ⅲ．The Construction With"Less and Less" 345
ⅳ．The Construction With"The...,the..." 346
d．Superlative Forms of Adverbs Used in Comparisons 346
ⅰ．TheConstruction With"The" 346
ⅱ．The Construction With"The Least" 346
Exercises 347
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅥ．Prepositions 352
1．The Meanings of Prepositions 353
2．Idioms Beginning With Prepositions 359
3．Nouns Followed by Prepositions 367
4．Adjectives,and Verbs in the Passive Voice,Followed by Prepositions 368
5．Verbs Followed by Prepositions 371
Exercises 373
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅦ．Phrasal Verbs 378
1．Phrasal Verbs Consisting of a Verb Followed by a Preposition 378
a．The Position of the Object of the Preposition 381
b．The Position of an Adverb of Manner Modifying the Verb 381
c．Stress in Spoken English 381
d．Expressions in Which the Verb Has an Object 381
2．Phrasal Verbs Consisting of a Verb Followed by an Adverb 382
a．The Position of the Object of the Verb 387
b．The Position of an Adverb of Manner Modifying the Verb 387
c．Stress in Spoken English 388
d．Ergative Verbs 388
3．Distinguishing Between Verbs Followed by Prepositions and Verbs Followed by Adverbs 389
4．Phrasal Verbs Consi sting of a Verb Followed by a Word Which Can Function Either as an Adverb or as a Preposition 393
a．Expressions in Which the Verb Has an Object 394
5．Phrasal Verbs Consi sting of a Verb Followed by an Adverb Followed by a Preposition 395
a．Expressions in Which the Verb Has an Object 396
Exercises 397
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅧ．Conjunctions 403
1．Coordinate Conjunctions 403
2．Correlative Conjunctions 404
3．Subordinate Conjunctions 404
4．Connecting Adverbs 407
a．Stress and Punctuation 408
b．Connecting Adverbs Used to Connect Sentences 408
c．Position in a Clause 408
d．Examples of Connecting Adverbs 409
5．Parallel Construction 410
Exercises 412
Answers to the Exercises 417