Part One Manuscript Form 1
Ⅰ．Arrangement 1
Ⅱ．Word Division 3
Ⅲ．Capitalization 4
Ⅳ．Punctuation 5
Ⅴ．Handwriting 7
Exercises 8
Part Two Diction 9
Ⅰ．Levels of Words 9
Ⅱ．The Meaning of Words 13
Ⅲ．General and Specific Words 17
Ⅳ．Idioms 20
Ⅴ．Figures of Speech 22
1．Simile 22
2．Metaphor 23
3．Personification 24
4．Metonymy 25
5．Synecdoche 25
6．Euphemism 26
7．Irony 26
8．Overstatement and Understatement 27
9．Transferred Epithet 27
10．Oxymoron 28
11．Alliteration 28
Ⅵ．Dictionaries 29
1．Using Dictionaries 29
2．Some Good Dictionaries 32
Exercises 36
Part Three The Sentence 41
Ⅰ．Complete Sentences and Sentence Fragments 41
Ⅱ．Types of Sentences 44
1．Declarative，Interrogative，Imperative，and Exclamatory Sentences 44
2．Simple，Compound，Complex，and Compound-Complex Sentences 45
3．Loose，Periodic and Balanced Sentences 47
4．Short and Long Sentences 50
Ⅲ．Effective Sentences 54
1．Unity 54
2．Coherence 55
3．Conciseness 60
4．Emphasis 62
5．Variety 70
Exercises 72
Part Four The Paragraph 81
Ⅰ．Effective Paragraphs 81
1．Unity 81
2．Coherence 83
3．Transition 84
Ⅱ．Ways of Developing Paragraphs 87
1．Planning a Paragraph 87
2．Development by Time 88
3．Development by Process 90
4．Development by Space 91
5．Development by Example and Generalization 93
6．Development by Comparison and Contrast 96
7．Development by Cause and Effect 101
8．Development by Classification 103
9．Development by Definition 105
10．Development by a Combination of Methods 107
Exercises 109
Part Five The Whole Composition 144
Ⅰ．Steps in Writing a Composition 144
1．Planning a Composition 144
2．Types of Outlines 146
3．Writing the First Draft 150
4．Revising the First Draft 151
5．Making the Final Copy 153
Ⅱ．Organization 153
1．Some Principles 153
2．The Beginning 154
3．The End 157
Ⅲ．Types of Writing 158
1．Description 158
2．Narration 172
3．Exposition 181
（1）Illustration 182
（2）Division and Classification 186
（3）Comparison/Contrast 194
（4）Cause and Effect 208
（5）Definition 219
4．Argumentation 233
Exercises 247
Part Six The Summary and Book Report 262
Ⅰ．The Summary 262
1．Uses of Summary Writing 262
2．Procedure 263
Ⅱ．The Book Report 271
Exercises 275
Part Seven Formal and Informal Styles 282
Ⅰ．The Meaning of Style 282
Ⅱ．Formal and Informal Styles 283
Exercises 292
Part Eight The Research Paper 296
Ⅰ．Process 296
1．Choosing a Topic 297
2．Collecting Information 300
3．Analyzing the Information，Organizing Ideas and Working Out an Outline 310
4．Writing the First Draft 312
5．Revising the Draft and Finalizing the Paper 320
Ⅱ．Format 321
1．The Structure of a Paper 321
2．Use of Quotations 323
3．Use of Notes 327
4．Bibliography 340
Ⅲ．A Sample Research Paper 352
Part Nine Practical Writing 368
Ⅰ．Notices 368
Ⅱ．Greetings，Good Wishes，Congratulations，and Condolences 372
1．Greetings 372
2．Good Wishes 373
3．Congratulations 374
4．Condolences 374
Ⅲ．Notes 374
1．Appointments 375
2．Apologies 377
3．Informal Invitations 379
4．Requests 381
5．Thanks 382
6．Messages 383
Ⅳ．Letters 383
1．Form 384
2．Language 387
3．Addressing an Envelope 391
Ⅴ．Curriculum Vitae 409
Exercises 419
Part Ten Punctuation 422
Ⅰ．The Comma 422
Ⅱ．The Period 426
Ⅲ．The Semicolon 428
Ⅳ．The Colon 430
Ⅴ．The Question Mark 431
Ⅵ．The Exclamation Mark 432
Ⅶ．Quotation Marks 433
Ⅷ．Parentheses 436
Ⅸ．Brackets 437
Ⅹ．The Dash 438
Ⅺ．The Slash 439
Ⅻ．Italics and Underlining 440
Correction Symbols in Alphabetical Order 442
Bibliography 444