PartⅠ 1
MultimediaApplicationsRequirements, 1
Chapter1 3
MultimediaApplicationsandATM, 3
1.1 InteractiveMultimediaApplications, 3
1.1.1 ATM, 4
1.1.2 ATMandtheInternet, 5
1.1.3 ATMandtheIntranets, 8
1.1.4 ATMandResidentialBroadbandNetworks, 8
1.2A nIdealCommunicationsNetwork, 9
1.2.1 Distance, 9
1.2.2 Location, 9
1.2.3 Time, 10
1.2.4 Media, 10
1.3 SummaryandOutlineofThisPart, 12
1.4 References, 12
Chapter2 15
NetworkArchitectures:TheTelephoneNetwork,theInternetandIntranets, 15
2.1Introduction, 15
2.2 NetworkingArchitectures, 16
2.2.1 FullyConnectedPoint-to-pointNetworks, 16
2.2.2 SwitchedPoint-to-pointNetworks, 18
2.2.2.1 CircuitSwitching, 19
2.2.2.2 PacketSwitching, 22
2.2.2.3 PermanentConnections, 27
2.2.3 BroadcastNetworks, 27
2.2.3.1 One-wayBroadcast, 27
2.2.3.2 Two-wayCommunications, 28
2.2.3.3 CircuitSwitchingonSharedMedium, 28
2.2.3.4 PacketSwitchingonSharedMedium, 29
2.3 LimitationsofToday sNetworkInfrastructures, 30
2.3.1 TelephoneNetworks, 30
2.3.1.1 Characteristics, 30
2.3.1.2 Limitations, 31
2.3.2 TheInternetandIntranets, 32
2.3.2.1 Characteristics, 32
2.3.2.2 Limitations, 37
2.4 Summary, 39
2.5 References, 40
Chapter3 41
AnApplicationClassification, 41
3.1 Introduction, 41
3.2 CommunicationsApplications, 42
3.2.1 Definition, 42
3.2.2 NetworkingAttributesofanApplication, 42
3.2.2.1 InformationTypes, 42
3.2.2.2 DeliveryRequirements, 43
3.2.2.3 Symmetry, 44
3.2.2.4 NumberofParties, 46
3.2.2.5 WiredorWirelessAccess, 47
3.2.2.6 Mobility, 48
3.2.2.7 HumanversusNon-Human, 49
3.3 AClassificationofApplications, 50
3.3.1 Real-timeStreamingApplications, 50
3.3.2 Real-timeBlockTransferApplications, 52
3.3.2.1 InternetApplications, 53
3.3.2.2 WebBrowsing, 53
3.3.2.3 Bandwidth-versusLatency-Limited, 55
3.3.3 Non-realtimeApplications, 56
3.4 Summary, 58
3.5 References, 58
Chapter4 59
ApplicationTrafficRequirements, 59
4.1 Introduction, 59
4.1.1 ApplicationsRequirements, 60
4.1.2 TrafficandQoSRequirements, 61
4.2 TrafficGenerationParterns, 61
4.2.1 ArrivalDistribution:ContinuousversusBurstyTraffic, 62
4.2.2 ADULengthDistribution, 62
4.2.3 PacketLengthDistribution, 63
4.2.3.1 PacketLossProbability, 64
4.2.3.2 MTUSizeofLinkLayer, 64
4.2.3.3 DefaultPacketSizeLimit, 64
4.2.3.4 PacketizationDelay, 65
4.2.3.5 TransmissionDelay, 65
4.2.3.6 EffectsofLossPackets, 65
4.2.4 Self-similarityTraffic, 66
4.2.5 CBRversusVBR, 66
4.2.6 TrafficShaping, 67
4.2.7 AdaptiveApplications, 69
4.2.8 TrafficAsymmetry, 69
4.3 BandwidthRequirements, 70
4.3.1 BandwidthParameters, 70
4.3.1.1 PeakBandwidth, 70
4.3.1.2 AverageBandwidth, 71
4.3.2 Real-timeStreamingApplications, 72
4.3.3 Real-timeBlockTransferApplications, 73
4.3.4 Time-basedInformationDeliveryRequirements, 75
4.3.5 UserLevelBehavior, 76
4.4 Summary, 77
4.5 References, 77
Chapter5 79
ApplicationQoSRequirements, 79
5.1 Introduction, 79
5.2 DelayRequirements, 81
5.2.1 DelayDistribution, 81
5.2.2 DelayComponents, 81
5.2.3 AbsoluteDelayRequirements, 86
5.2.3.1 Real-timeStreamingApplications, 87
5.2.3.2 Real-timeBlockTransferApplications, 89
5.2.4 DelayVariation（Jitters）Requirements, 90
5.2.4.1 Telephony, 92
5.3 ErrorRequirements, 92
5.3.1 ErrorTolerances, 93
5.3.1.1 InformationTypes, 93
5.3.1.2 Usage, 94
5.3.1.3 Components, 94
5.3.1.4 CompressionRatio, 94
5.3.2 ErrorCharacterization, 95
5.3.2.1 ApplicationLayer:ADULossRatio, 95
5.3.2.2 NetworkLayer:PDULossRatio, 95
5.3.2.3 PhysicalLayer:BitErrorRatio, 95
5.3.3 ErrorRequirementsforDifferentApplicationClasses, 96
5.3.3.1 Real-timeStreamingApplications, 96
5.3.3.2 Real-timeBlockTransferApplications, 100
5.3.3.3 Non-real-timeApplications, 100
5.4 Summary, 101
5.5 References, 101
PartⅡ 103
FundamentalsofATM, 103
Chapter6 105
PrinciplesofATM, 105
6.1 Introduction, 105
6.2 PrinciplesofATM, 107
6.2.1 SwitchedPoint-to-pointArchitecture, 107
6.2.2 PacketSwitching, 108
6.2.3 FastPacketSwitching, 109
6.2.3.1 ProblemsofClassicPacketSwitching, 109
6.2.3.2 Solution:FastPacketSwitching, 111
6.2.3.3 TechniquesofFastPacketSwitching, 111
6.2.4 ResourceReservationandAdmissionControl, 117
6.2.5 AsynchronousTimeDivisionMultiplexing, 118
6.3 AdvantagesofATM, 119
6.3.1 TechnicalAdvantages, 119
6.3.1.1 HighBandwidth, 119
6.3.1.2 QualityofServiceGuarantee, 120
6.3.1.3 Flexibility, 120
6.3.1.4 Integration, 120
6.3.1.5 Scaleability, 121
6.3.1.6 Efficiency, 122
6.3.1.7 Operations, 122
6.3.2 StrategicAdvantages, 122
6.3.2.1 OneNetworkingArchitecture, 122
6.3.2.2 CompatibleArchitectures, 123
6.3.2.3 TrueMulti-vendorSupport, 123
6.4 Summary, 123
6.5 References, 124
Chapter7 125
OverviewofATM, 125
7.1 Introduction, 125
7.2 BasicElementsofanATMNetwork, 125
7.3 StandardATMInterfaces, 127
7.4 ATMLayeredModel, 129
7.5 BasicATMNetworkOperations, 130
7.5.1 CallEstablishment, 130
7.5.2 CellSequencingandVCRoutes, 132
7.6 CallNegotiationandRenegotiation, 132
7.7 VCNumberandTranslation, 133
7.8 VirtualChannelandVirtualChannelConnection, 136
7.9 VirtualPathConnection, 136
7.10 VCCandVPCUsage, 138
7.10.1 OneVCCforMultipleApplications, 139
7.10.2 OneVCCforEachApplication, 139
7.10.3 MultipleVCCsforanApplication, 140
7.10.4 OneVPCperApplication, 140
7.10.5 OneVPCperComponent, 140
7.10.6 OneVPCperPairofLocations, 141
7.10.7 OneVCCperPairofLocations, 141
7.11 Summary, 141
7.12 References, 141
Chapter8 143
TheProtocolReferenceModelofATM, 143
8.1 Introduction, 143
8.2 LayeredArchitecture, 144
8.2.1 PhysicalLayer, 146
8.2.2 The（Optional）MAClayer, 150
8.2.3 ATMLayer, 152
8.2.3.1 ATMCellFormat, 153
8.2.3.2 ATMLayerFunctionsattheUNI, 157
8.2.4 ATMAdaptationLayer（AAL）, 159
8.2.5 HigherLayerProtocols, 160
8.3 TheHourglassModel, 160
8.4 Multi-PlaneModel, 161
8.4.1 UserPlane, 162
8.4.2 ControlPlane, 163
8.4.3 ManagementPlane, 163
8.5 B-ISDNPRMandISOOSIReferenceModel, 164
8.5.1 PureATMNetworks, 164
8.5.2 Internetworking, 165
8.5.2.1 InternetworkingwithLegacyLANsusingIP, 165
8.6 Summary, 167
8.7 References, 167
Chapter9 169
ATMAdaptationLayer, 169
9.1 Introduction, 169
9.2 End-to-endATMProtocolModel, 170
9.3 AALFunctions, 172
9.3.1 SegmentationandReassembly, 172
9.3.2 ReductionofCPUProcessingOverhead, 173
9.3.3 ErrorControlMechanisms, 174
9.3.4 SynchronizationandClockRecovery, 175
9.3.5 MaintenanceofTrafficPatterns, 176
9.3.6 ReceiveBufferAllocation, 176
9.3.7 MultiplexingofMultipleDataStreams, 177
9.4 AALServiceClassesandAALTypes, 177
9.4.1 OriginofAALTypes, 177
9.4.2 AttributesofAALServiceClasses, 178
9.4.2.1 SourceTrafficPattern, 178
9.4.2.2 End-to-endTimingRelationship, 178
9.4.2.3 ConnectionMode, 178
9.4.3 AALServiceClasses:AnOverview, 179
9.4.3.1 ClassA, 179
9.4.3.2 ClassB, 179
9.4.3.3 ClassC, 179
9.4.3.4 ClassD, 179
9.4.3.5 ClassX, 180
9.4.4 ServiceModelEvolution, 181
9.5 AALTypes, 181
9.5.1 AAL1, 184
9.5.1.1 Functions, 184
9.5.1.2 ConvergenceSublayer, 187
9.5.1.3 SARSublayer, 188
9.5.1.4 Applications, 190
9.5.2 AAL314, 190
9.5.2.1 CSSublayer, 191
9.5.2.2 SARSublayer, 192
9.5.2.3 MessageandStreamingModes, 194
9.5.3 AAL5, 194
9.5.3.1 Functions, 195
9.5.3.2 CSSublayer, 196
9.5.3.3 SAR, 197
9.5.3.4 ComparisonBetweenAAL5andAAL3/4, 197
9.5.4 ComparisonsofAALTypes, 198
9.6 Summary, 199
9.7 References, 199
Chapter10 201
ATMAccess（UNI）Signaling, 201
10.1 Introduction, 201
10.2 ATMSignalingConcepts, 202
10.2.1 PermanentandSwitchedVCs, 202
10.2.2 SignalingVirtualChannel, 203
10.2.3 VPIandVPCI, 204
10.2.3.1 ProxySignalingCapability, 206
10.2.3.2 VirtualUNIsandATMMultiplexer, 207
10.2.4 SignalingProtocolModelandSAAL, 209
10.2.5 ATMAddressing, 210
10.2.6 AddressRegistration, 212
10.2.7 AnycastandGroupAddress, 213
10.3 ATMConnectionTypes, 213
10.3.1 Type1:Point-to-Point, 213
10.3.2 Type2:Point-to-Multipoint, 214
10.3.3 Type3:Multipoint-to-Point, 215
10.3.4 Type4:Multipoint-to-Multipoint, 217
10.3.5 FirstPartyVersusThirdPartyControl, 217
10.4 ATMUNISignalingProtocol, 218
10.4.1 SignalingMessages, 218
10.4.1.1 ProtocolDiscriminator（1octet）, 219
10.4.1.2 CallReference（4octets）, 219
10.4.1.3 MessageType（2octets）, 219
10.4.1.4 MessageLength（2octets）, 219
10.4.2 SignalingProcedures, 226
10.4.2.1 Point-to-PointConnection, 226
10.4.3 ATMCallStates, 232
10.4.4 Timers, 233
10.4.5 Point-to-MultipointConnectionType, 234
10.4.5.1 RootInitiated, 234
10.4.5.2 LeafInitiatedJoinCall, 235
10.5 Summary, 236
10.6 References, 236
Chapter11 237
TrafficManagementandATMServiceCategories, 237
11.1 Introduction. 237
11.2 TrafficManagement, 237
11.2.1 Connection-basedTrafficManagement, 239
11.2.1.1 ConnectionAdmissionContro1, 239
11.2.1.2 NetworkResourceManagement, 240
11.2.2 Cell-by-Cell-BasedTrafficManagement, 240
11.2.2.1 UsageParameterControl, 240
11.2.2.2 TrafficShaping, 241
11.2.2.3 Scheduling, 241
11.2.2.4 BufferManagement, 244
11.2.2.5 CLPControl, 247
11.2.2.6 FeedbackControl, 247
11.3 TrafficContract, 248
11.3.1 ATMTrafficParametersandSourceTrafficDescriptor, 248
11.3.1.1 PeakCellRate, 248
11.3.1.2 SustainableCellRate, 249
11.3.1.3 MaximumBurstSize, 249
11.3.1.4 MinimumCellRate, 249
11.3.2 ConnectionTrafficDescriptor, 250
11.3.2.1 CellDelayVariationTolerance, 250
11.3.2.2 CellConformanceandConnectionCompliance, 250
11.3.3 ATMQoSParameters, 251
11.3.3.1 MaximumCellTransferDelay, 251
11.3.3.2 Peak-to-PeakCellDelayVariation, 251
11.3.3.3 CellLossRatio, 252
11.4 ATMServiceCategories, 252
11.4.1 CBR, 254
11.4.2 rt-VBR, 254
11.4.3 nrt-VBR, 254
11.4.4 UBR, 254
11.4.5 ABR, 255
11.5 ABRService, 255
11.5.1 FeedbackMechanisms, 256
11.5.2 ABRFlowControl, 258
11.6 Summary, 259
11.7 References, 260
PartⅢ 261
ResidentialBroadbandNetworks:ATM-to-the-Home, 261
Chapter12 261
ResidentialBroadbandServiceandNetworkArchitectures, 263
12.1 Introduction, 263
12.2 LegacyResidentialNetworksandInternetAccess, 265
12.2.1 Dial-upInternetAccess, 267
12.3 ResidentialBroadbandServiceRequirements, 269
12.3.1 Connectivity, 269
12.3.1.1 TheInternet, 269
12.3.1.2 CorporateNetworks, 269
12.3.1.3 LocalContent, 270
12.3.1.4 Peer-to-peerCommunication, 270
12.3.2 FunctionalRequirements, 271
12.3.2.1 EasyMigrationfromExistingISPAccessInfrastructure, 271
12.3.2.2 SimultaneousConnectivity:InternetandCorporateNetwork, 271
12.3.2.3 Multi-ProtocolSupport, 271
12.3.2.4 Security, 271
12.3.2.5 Multicast, 272
12.3.2.6 MultipleServiceClassSupport, 272
12.3.2.7 QualityofServiceSupport, 272
12.4 ResidentialBroadbandServiceArchitecture, 272
12.4.1 ResidentialAccessNetwork, 273
12.4.1.1 XDSLModems, 274
12.4.1.2 CableModems, 275
12.4.2 COandHeadendNetworks, 276
12.4.3 BroadbandInternetAccess, 277
12.4.4 In-HomeNetwork, 279
12.4.4.1 ExternalModem, 280
12.4.4.2 InternalPCModems, 281
12.4.5 End-to-endATMArchitecture, 282
12.5 Summary, 283
12.6 References, 283
Chapter13 285
ATMOverxDSLNetworkArchitecture, 285
13.1 Introduction, 285
13.1.1 InteractiveTVMarket, 286
13.1.2 InternetOpportunityandCableModemThreat, 286
13.2 SubscriberLoopArchitecture, 287
13.2.1 SubscriberLoop, 287
13.2.2 DigitalTransmissionsintheLoop, 289
13.2.2.1 DLCSystems, 289
13.2.2.2 CSAGuidelines, 290
13.2.2.3 ISDN:FirstDigitalServicetotheHome, 290
13.3 xDSLTechnologies, 291
13.3.1 History, 291
13.3.2 xDSLCharacteristics, 292
13.3.2.1 BandwidthImprovement, 292
13.3.2.2 Point-to-point, 294
13.3.2.3 Always“Connected”, 294
13.3.2.4 SimultaneousPOTSsupport, 295
13.3.2.5 RateAdaptive, 295
13.3.3 ThexDSLFamily, 295
13.3.3.1 SymmetryinBi-directionalBandwidth, 296
13.3.3.2 Bandwidth, 296
13.3.3.3 MaximumLoopDistance, 296
13.3.3.4 LifelinePOTSSupport, 297
13.3.3.5 HDSL, 297
13.3.3.6 ADSL, 298
13.3.3.7 SDSL, 299
13.3.3.8 VDSL, 299
13.4 ADSL-basedBroadbandServiceArchitecture, 300
13.5 ADSL-basedATM-to-the-HomeArchitecture, 302
13.5.1 Architecture, 302
13.5.1.1 DSLAM, 302
13.5.1.2 CustomerPremise, 305
13.5.2 BroadbandInternetandTelecommutingServices, 305
13.5.2.1 NullEncapsulationandVCMultiplexingofPPPoverATM, 306
13.6 Summary, 307
13.7 References, 307
Chapter14 309
HybridFiber/CoaxNetworkArchitecture, 309
14.1 Introduction, 309
14.2 LegacyCableNetworkArchitecture, 310
14.2.1 History, 310
14.2.2 Topology, 310
14.2.3 NetworkArchitecture:PassbandandBroadcast, 312
14.2.4 SpectrumAllocation, 314
14.3 TheHybridFiberCoaxNetworkArchitecture, 315
14.3.1 LegacyCableNetworkProblems, 315
14.3.1.1 Reliability, 315
14.3.1.2 SignalQuality, 315
14.3.1.3 ReturnPath, 315
14.3.2 TheHFCNetworkArchitecture, 317
14.3.2.1 FiberOptics, 317
14.3.2.2 TheHFCTopology:NodeArchitecture, 318
14.3.2.3 DigitalTransmission, 319
14.3.2.4 UpstreamTransmission, 320
14.3.2.5 SwitchedTwo-WayHFCArchitecture, 321
14.4 ATM-to-the-HomeoverHFCNetwork, 322
14.4.1 InteractiveTVandtheInternet, 322
14.4.2 ATM-to-the-HomeArchitecture,*323++14.4.2.1ATMNodeSwitch, 323
14.4.2.2 HomeTerminationUnit, 326
14.4.2.3 HeadendNetwork, 327
14.4.2.4 HeadendServers, 327
14.4.3 Operation, 327
14.4.4 End-to-endProtocolArchitecture, 328
14.4.5 HybridCableModem:AnalogModemDial-upReturn, 330
14.5 Summary, 330
14.6 References, 331