前言 1
ABSTRACT 4
LIST OF TABLES 7
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 11
1.1 OBJECT OF THIS STUDY 11
1.2 MAJOR STUDIES ON CONVERSATIONAL ANAPHORA 15
1.3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 20
1.4 BASIC ASSUMPTIONS AND METHODOLOGY 28
1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK 34
CHAPTER 2 COGNIZING ANAPHORA:THE PERSPECTIVE OF CRP 36
2.1 INTRODUCTION 36
2.2 ACCESSIBILITY 36
2.3 SUBJECTIVITY 42
2.4 BASIC NOTIONS IN COGNITIVE GRAMMAR(CG) 46
2.4.1 The Cognitive Reference Point 47
2.4.2 Point of View(POV) 49
2.4.3 Figure and Ground 51
2.4.4 Profile and Base 53
2.4.5 Current Discourse Space(CDS) 55
2.5 ANAPHORA IN THE CRP MODEL 56
2.6 SUMMARY 62
CHAPTER 3 EXPLORING THE RP/D CONFIGURATION IN CONVERSATION 63
3.1 INTRODUCTION 63
3.2 PROMINENCE AND THE CHOICEOF CRP 63
3.2.1 Topic as Cognitive Reference Point in CDS 64
3.2.1.1 Identifying Subject and Topic 65
3.2.1.2 Classification of Topics in Relation to the Choice of CRP 77
3.2.1.3 RP/D Organization:the Anaphoric Chain 79
3.3 ACCESSIBILITY MARKING AND ITS LINGUISTIC ENCODING 84
3.3.1 Accessibility Markers:Distribution and Classification 83
3.3.2 The Encoding Principles of Accessibility Marking 95
3.4 CONCEPTUAL CONNECTIVITY AND RP/D ORGANIZATION 99
3.4.1 Distance/Recency 101
3.4.2 Saliency 103
3.4.3 Competition 104
3.4.4 Unity 104
3.5 THE LINGUISTIC CORRELATES OF DOMINION 106
3.6 ACCESSIBILITY MARKERS IN RELATION TO DOMINION 110
3.7 SUMMARY 113
CHAPTER 4 ANAPHORA IN CHINESE CONVERSATION 115
4.1 INTRODUCTION 115
4.2 PROFILING AND RP ESTABLISHMENT 116
4.2.1 Syntactic Means of RP Marking 116
4.2.1.1 Existential-presentative Constructions 116
4.2.1.2 Minor Sentence 118
4.2.1.3 Y-movement 118
4.2.1.4 Preposed Co-verbal Expression 121
4.2.2 Morphological Means of RP Establishment 123
4.2.2.1 Zeros and Pronouns 125
4.2.2.2 Indefinite Lexical NP 127
4.2.2.3 Definite Lexical NP 128
4.2.2.4 Demonstrative Expressions 130
4.3 RP MAINTENANCE AND SHIFT 131
4.4 CHINESE ACCESSIBILITY MARKERS IN THE RP/D ORGANIZATION 136
4.4.1 Zeros 137
4.4.1.1 Zeros Used in Subject/Topic Position 138
4.4.1.2 Zeros Used in Object Position 147
4.4.1.3 Discussions 149
4.4.2 Pronouns 151
4.4.2.1 Pronouns Used in Subject/Topic Position 153
4.4.2.2 Pronouns Used in Object Position 158
4.4.2.3 Shift between Zeros and Pronouns 162
4.4.3 Demonstrative Expressions 166
4.4.3.1 Demonstratives Used in Subject/topic Position 167
4.4.3.2 Demonstratives Used in Object Position 168
4.4.4 Lexical NPs 169
4.4.4.1 Lexical NPs Used in Subject/Topic Position 171
4.4.4.2 Lexical NPs Used in Object Position 176
4.4.4.3 Discussions 178
4.5 SUMMARY 179
CHAPTER 5 ANAPHORA IN ENGLISH CONVERSATION 180
5.1 INTRODUCTION 180
5.2 RP MARKING AND ESTABLISHMENT 180
5.2.1 Syntactic Devices 180
5.2.2 Morphological Devices 182
5.2.2.1 Zeros and Pronouns 183
5.2.2.2 Indefinite Lexical NPs 184
5.2.2.3 Definite Lexical NPs 183
5.3 MAINTENANCE AND SHIFT OF RP 188
5.3.1 RP Maintenance 189
5.3.2 RP Shift 192
5.4 ENGLISH ACCESSIBILITY MARKERS IN THE RP/D ORGANIZATION 193
5.4.1 Zeros 193
5.4.2 Pronouns 195
5.4.2.1 Pronouns Used in Subject/Topic Position 197
5.4.2.2 Pronouns Used in Object Position 202
5.4.3 Demonstrative Expressions 205
5.4.4 Lexical NPs 205
5.4.4.1 Lexical NPs Used in Subject/Topic Positions 207
5.4.4.2 Lexical NPs Used in Object Positions 209
5.5 SUMMARY 211
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 213
6.1 MAJOR FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY 213
6.2 THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THIS STUDY 217
6.3 LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY 218
6.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 218
SOURCES OF DATA 220
REFERENCES 221
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 239