Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Evolution of Telecommunications 1
1.2 Simple Telephone Communication 5
1.3 Basics of a Switching System 8
1.4 Manual Switching System 11
1.5 Major Telecommunication Networks 15
Further Reading 18
Exercises 18
Chapter 2 Strowger Switching Systems 20
2.1 Rotary Dial Telephone 20
2.2 Signalling Tones 23
2.3 Strowger Switching Components 25
2.4 Step-by-Step Switching 29
2.5 Design Parameters 33
2.6 100-line Switching System 34
2.6.1 Design 1 35
2.6.2 Design 2 36
2.6.3 Design 3 36
2.6.4 Design 4 37
2.6.5 Design 5 38
2.7 1000-line Blocking Exchange 39
2.8 10,000-line Exchange 42
Further Reading 42
Exercises 42
Chapter 3 Crossbar Switching 44
3.1 Principles of Common Control 44
3.2 Touch Tone Dial Telephone 48
3.2.1 Design Considerations 49
3.3 Principles of Crossbar Switching 52
3.4 Crossbar Switch Configurations 54
3.5 Crosspoint Technology 56
3.6 Crossbar Exchange Organisation 58
Further Reading 59
Exercises 59
Chapter 4 Electronic Space Division Switching 81
4.1 Stored Program Control 61
4.2 Centralised SPC 62
4.3 Distributed SPC 68
4.3.1 Level 3 Processing 68
4.3.2 Level 2 Processing 69
4.3.3 Level 1 Processing 70
4.4 Software Architecture 71
4.5 Application Software 79
4.6 Enhanced Services 84
4.7 Two-Stage Networks 89
4.8 Three-Stage Networks 92
4.9 n-Stage Networks 96
Further Reading 97
Exercises 97
Chapter 5 Speech Digitisation and Transmission 99
5.1 Sampling 99
5.2 Quantisation and Binary Coding 101
5.3 Quantisation Noise 103
5.4 Companding 105
5.5 Differential Coding 109
5.6 Vocoders 111
5.7 Pulse Transmission 112
5.8 Line Coding 119
5.9 Time Division Multiplexing 123
Further Reading 126
Exercises 126
Chapter 6 Time Division Switching 128
6.1 Basic Time Division Space Switching 128
6.2 Basic Time Division Time Switching 133
6.3 Time Multiplexed Space Switching 140
6.4 Time Multiplexed Time Switching 144
6.5 Combination Switching 150
6.6 Three-Stage Combination Switching 152
6.7 n-Stage Combination Switching 155
Further Reading 157
Exercises 157
Chapter 7 Optical Fibre Systems 159
7.1 Types of Optical Fibres 159
7.2 Fibre Optic Transmission 162
7.3 Optical Sources 166
7.3.1 Light Emitting Diodes 168
7.3.2 Laser Diodes 172
7.4 Optical Detectors 175
7.4.1 p-i-n Photodiode 178
7.4.2 Avalanche Photodiode 180
7.5 Power Budget Analysis 183
7.6 Telecommunication Applications 187
Further Reading 189
Exercises 189
Chapter 8 Traffic Engineering 191
8.1 Network Traffic Load and Parameters 191
8.2 Grade of Service and Blocking Probability 195
8.3 Modelling Switching Systems 196
8.3.1 Markov Processes 198
8.3.2 Birth-death Processes 199
8.4 Incoming Traffic and Service Time Characterisation 201
8.5 Blocking Models and Loss Estimates 205
8.5.1 Lost Calls Cleared System with Infinite Sources 205
8.5.2 Lost Calls Cleared System with Finite Subscribers 208
8.5.3 Lost Calls Returned System 212
8.5.4 Lost Calls Held System 212
8.6 Delay Systems 213
Further Reading 218
Exercises 218
Chapter 9 Telephone Networks 221
9.1 Subscriber Loop Systems 221
9.2 Switching Hierarchy and Routing 227
9.3 Transmission Plan 229
9.4 Transmission Systems 233
9.4.1 Ionospheric Communication 233
9.4.2 Microwave Communication 237
9.4.3 Tropospheric Scatter Communication 244
9.4.4 Satellite Communications 245
9.4.5 Coaxial Cable Transmission 249
9.5 Numbering Plan 252
9.6 Charging Plan 256
9.7 Signalling Techniques 259
9.8 Inchannel Signalling 263
9.9 Common Channel Signalling 268
9.10 Cellular Mobile Telephony 272
Further Reading 274
Exercises 274
Chapter 10 Data Networks 277
10.1 Data Transmission in PSTNs 278
10.1.1 Data Rates in PSTNs 279
10.1.2 Modems 281
10.2 Switching Techniques for Data Transmission 283
10.2.1 Circuit Switching 284
10.2.2 Store and Forward Switching 287
10.3 Data Communication Architecture 291
10.3.1 ISO-OSI Reference Model 292
10.4 Link-to-link Layers 297
10.4.1 Physical Layer 298
10.4.2 Data Link Layer 298
10.4.3 Network Layer 304
10.5 End-to-End Layers 306
10.5.1 Transport Layer 306
10.5.2 Session Layer 307
10.5.3 Presentation Layer 308
10.5.4 Application Layer 311
10.6 Satellite Based Data Networks 313
10.7 Local Area Networks 317
10.7.1 LAN Technologies 318
10.7.2 Multiple Access Bus LAN 319
10.7.3 Token Passing Ring LAN 323
10.7.4 Token Passing Bus LAN 325
10.8 Metropolitan Area Networks 326
10.9 Fibre Optic Networks 328
10.10 Data Network Standards 332
10.11 Protocol Stacks 337
10.11.1 Manufacturing Automation Protocol(MAP) 337
10.11.2 Technical and Office Protocol(TOP) 339
10.11.3 Library Automation Protocol(LAP) 339
10.12 Internetworking 339
Further Reading 341
Exercises 341
Chapter 11 Integrated Services Digital Network 345
11.1 Motivation for ISDN 346
11.2 New Services 347
11.2.1 Videotex 348
11.2.2 Electronic Mail 348
11.2.3 Facsimile 353
11.2.4 Teletex 355
11.2.5 Database Access 356
11.3 Network and Protocol Architecture 357
11.4 Transmission Channels 362
11.5 User-Network Interfaces 363
11.5.1 Functional Grouping and Reference Points 365
11.6 Signalling 366
11.6.1 User Level Signalling 367
11.6.2 Network Level Signalling 368
11.7 Numbering and Addressing 370
11.7.1 Address Structure 370
11.8 Service Characterisation 371
11.9 Interworking 374
11.9.1 Numbering Interworking 376
11.10 ISDN Standards 377
11.11 Expert Systems in ISDN 380
11.11.1 Components of an Expert System 382
11.11.2 Example of an Expert System 384
11.12 Broadband ISDN 385
11.12.1 Broadband ISDN Architecture 385
11.12.2 Broadband ISDN Protocols 387
Further Reading 388
Exercises 388
Chapter 12 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 391
12.1 Protocol Architecture 391
12.2 ATM Logical Connections 392
12.2.1 Virtual Channel Connection Uses 392
12.2.2 Virtual Path/Virtual Channel Characteristics 394
12.2.3 Control Signalling 394
12.3 ATM Cells 395
12.3.1 Header Format 395
12.3.2 Generic Flow Control 397
12.3.3 Header Error Control 398
12.4 Transmission of ATM Cells 399
12.4.1 Cell-Based Physical Layer 399
12.4.2 SDH-Based Physical Layer 400
12.5 ATM Service Categories 402
12.5.1 Real-Time Services 402
12.5.2 Non-Real-Time Services 403
Chapter 13 Softswitch and Next Generation Network(NGN) 404
13.1 Softswitch 404
13.2 Next Generation Networking 404
13.2.1 Description 404
13.2.2 Underlying technology components 405
13.2.3 NGN Functional Architecture 406
13.3 Applications 407
Answers to Selected Exercises 408