Part Ⅰ Alloying and inhibition 1
1 Corrosion behavior and prevention strategies for magnesium(Mg)alloys&G.-L.SONG,General Motors Corporation,USA 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Corrosion characteristics and implications in protection 4
1.3 Corrosion mitigation strategy 21
1.4 Selection of corrosion protection techniques 26
1.5 Future trends 28
1.6 References 29
2 Corrosion performance of magnesium(Mg)alloys containing rare-earth(RE)elements&J.MENG,W.SUN,Z.TIAN,X.QIU and D.ZHANG,Chinese Academy of Sciences,China 38
2.1 Introduction 38
2.2 Factors affecting the Mg-RE alloy corrosion reaction 39
2.3 Structural analysis of the Mg-RE alloys containing Ce or La 40
2.4 Structural analysis of the Mg-RE alloys containing Y 44
2.5 Structural analysis of the Mg-RE alloys containing Nd 48
2.6 Structural analysis of Mg-RE alloys containing Gd 50
2.7 The effect of the cathode area and current density on corrosion 54
2.8 Conclusions 56
2.9 References 58
3 Corrosion inhibition of magnesium(Mg)alloys&X.-P. GUO,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,China,G.-L.SONG,General Motors Corporation,USA and J.-Y.HU and D.-B.HUANG,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,China 61
3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 Inhibitors for magnesium 62
3.3 The behaviour of different inhibitors on magnesium and its alloys 64
3.4 The influence of inhibitors on other materials 77
3.5 Inhibition and other corrosion protection techniques 81
3.6 Conclusions and future trends 82
3.7 References 82
Part Ⅱ Surface treatment and conversion 85
4 Surface cleaning and pre-conditioning surface treatments to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium(Mg)alloys&D.H？CHE,Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Centre for Materials and Coastal Research,Germany and A.NOWAK and T.JOHN-SCHILLINGS,Henkel AG＆Co.KGaA,Germany 87
4.1 Introduction 87
4.2 Principles of physical or mechanical cleaning 89
4.3 Principles of chemical cleaning 91
4.4 Application of cleaning solutions to achieve the desired finish 104
4.5 Conclusion and sources of further information and advice 107
4.6 References 107
5 Surface processing and alloying to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium(Mg)alloys&G.-L.SONG,General Motors Corporation,USA and Z.XU,Meda Engineering,USA 110
5.1 Introduction 110
5.2 Surface processing techniques to improve corrosion resistance 112
5.3 Effect of surface processing and corrosion resistance 113
5.4 Alloying and corrosion resistance 123
5.5 Conclusions and future trends 127
5.6 Acknowledgements 128
5.7 References 128
6 Laser treatment to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium(Mg)alloys&J.DUTTA MAJUMDAR and I.MANNA,Indian Institute of Technology,Kharagpur,India 133
6.1 Introduction 133
6.2 Surface engineering for combating corrosion 136
6.3 Laser surface alloying for combating corrosion 143
6.4 Laser surface cladding for combating corrosion 154
6.5 Conclusions and future trends 157
6.6 Acknowledgement 158
6.7 References 158
7 Micro-arc oxidation(MAO)to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium(Mg)alloys&B.L.JIANG and Y.F.GE,Xi'an University of Technology,China 163
7.1 Introduction 163
7.2 Micro-arc oxidation fundamentals 164
7.3 Techniques for the MAO process 177
7.4 Corrosion resistance properties of MAO coating 183
7.5 Applications,industrial MAO processing and exploration of new processes 187
7.6 Future trends 190
7.7 Acknowledgements 192
7.8 References 192
8 Anodization of magnesium(Mg)alloys to improve corrosion resistance&S.A.SALMAN,Nagoya University,Japan and Al-Azhar University,Egypt and M.OKIDO,Nagoya University,Japan 197
8.1 Introduction 197
8.2 Anodization treatment 203
8.3 Effects of anodizing parameters 209
8.4 Commercial magnesium anodizing processes 217
8.5 Other methods and recent developments in anodizing treatment of magnesium 222
8.6 Applications of magnesium alloys 224
8.7 Future trends 227
8.8 Sources of further information and advice 227
8.9 References 228
9 Anodization and corrosion of magnesium(Mg)alloys&G.-L.SONG,General Motors Corporation,USA and Z.SHI,The University of Queensland,Australia 232
9.1 Overview of anodizing techniques 232
9.2 Characteristics of anodizing behavior 235
9.3 Anodized coating/film 240
9.4 Influencing factors 244
9.5 Anodizing mechanism 250
9.6 Corrosion of anodized magnesium(Mg)alloys 258
9.7 Application examples 271
9.8 References 276
10 Corrosion-resistant coatings for magnesium(Mg)alloys&X.-B.CHEN,M.A.EASTON and N.BIRBILIS,Monash University,Australia,H.-Y.YANG,Shanghai Jiao-tong University,China and T.B.ABBOTT,Magontec Pty Ltd,Australia 282
10.1 Introduction 282
10.2 Conversion coatings for Mg alloys:chromate and phosphate coatings 283
10.3 Conversion coatings for Mg alloys:fluoride(F)and stannate coatings 289
10.4 Conversion coatings for Mg alloys:rare earth(RE)and other coatings 292
10.5 Coating pretreatment processes 296
10.6 Evaluation of the coating(corrosion)performance 298
10.7 Conclusions 307
10.8 References 308
Part Ⅲ Coatings 313
11 Corrosion-resistant electrochemical plating of magnesium(Mg)alloys&X.-B.CHEN,M.A.EASTON and N.BIRBILIS,Monash University,Australia,H.-Y.YANG,Shanghai Jiao-tong University,China and T.B.ABBOTT,Magontec Pty Ltd,Australia 315
11.1 Introduction 315
11.2 Aqueous plating:pretreatment,undercoating and electroplating 318
11.3 Electroless Ni-P plating 325
11.4 Platings from non-aqueous electrolytes 332
11.5 Evaluation of coatings 335
11.6 Conclusions 341
11.7 References 342
12 Plating techniques to protect magnesium(Mg)alloys from corrosion&K.AZUMI,Hokkaido University,Japan,H.H.ELSENTRIECY,Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute,Egypt and J.TANG,Hokkaido University,Japan 347
12.1 Introduction 347
12.2 Coating processes 350
12.3 Electroplating of Al from a non-aqueous plating bath 358
12.4 Conclusions 364
12.5 References 365
13 Electroless nickel-boron plating to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium(Mg)alloys&Z.-C.WANG,L.YU and Z.-B.QI,Xiamen University,China and G.-L.SONG,General Motors Corporation,USA 370
13.1 Introduction 370
13.2 Electroless Ni-B plating process and deposition mechanisms 372
13.3 Ni-B plating characterization 375
13.4 Applications and future trends 389
13.5 References 389
14 Electrodeposition of aluminum on magnesium(Mg)alloys in ionic liquids to improve corrosion resistance&W.-T.TSAI and I.-W.SUN,National Cheng Kung University,Taiwan 393
14.1 Introduction 393
14.2 Basics for ionic liquid plating 396
14.3 Electrochemical characteristics of AlCl3-EMIC ionic liquids 397
14.4 Material characteristics 400
14.5 Electrochemical and corrosion resistance of aluminum(Al)and aluminum/zinc(Al/Zn)-coated magnesium(Mg)alloys 404
14.6 Conclusions 407
14.7 Acknowledgement 409
14.8 References 409
15 Cold spray coatings to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium(Mg)alloys&V.K.CHAMPAGNE and B.GABRIEL,US Army Research Laboratory,USA and J.VILLAFUERTE,CenterLine(Windsor)Ltd,Canada 414
15.1 Introduction 414
15.2 Cold spray technology 416
15.3 Cold spray commercial equipment 427
15.4 Corrosion protection by cold spray 432
15.5 Conclusions 442
15.6 References 442
16 Electroless electrophoresis coatings to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium(Mg)alloys&G.-L.SONG,General Motors Corporation,USA 446
16.1 Introduction 446
16.2 Electroless electrophoresis coating on Mg 447
16.3 Coating protection performance 454
16.4 Factors influencing the formation of electroless electrophoresis coatings 458
16.5 Potential applications of electroless electrophoresis coatings 461
16.6 Conclusions and future trends 465
16.7 Acknowledgments 467
16.8 References 467
17 Sol-gel coatings to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium(Mg)alloys&Q.LI,Southwest University,China 469
17.1 Introduction 469
17.2 Sol-gel coatings and how they improve the corrosion resistance of Mg alloys 472
17.3 Applications of sol-gel coatings 476
17.4 Future trends 481
17.5 References 481
Part Ⅳ Case studies 487
18 Magnesium(Mg)corrosion protection techniques in the automotive industry&G.S.COLE,LightWeightStrategies LLC,USA 489
18.1 Introduction 489
18.2 Corrosion of magnesium 491
18.3 Preventing corrosion 494
18.4 The use of coatings in corrosion prevention 499
18.5 Applications of corrosion mitigation for magnesium automotive parts 500
18.6 Future trends 505
18.7 References 506
19 Control of biodegradation of magnesium(Mg)alloys for medical applications&K.YANG and L.TAN,Chinese Academy of Sciences,China 509
19.1 Introduction 509
19.2 Mg alloys studied for medical applications 513
19.3 Corrosion/biodegradation of Mg alloys in the body environment 518
19.4 Corrosion control techniques for biodegradable Mg alloys 524
19.5 Future trends 537
19.6 References 538
Index 545