第一章 声学基础知识 1
1．1Sound Wave and Acoustic Field 1
1．1．1 The Physical Concept of Sound Wave 1
1．1．2 Sound Pressure and Acoustic Field 1
Chapter 1 Elementary Knowledge of Acoustics 1
1．1声波与声场 1
1．1．2声压与声场 1
1．1．1声波的物理概念 1
1．2．1基本参数和假设 5
1．2．1 Basic Parameters and Assumptions 5
1．2 Linear and Non-linear Sound Wave Equation 5
1．2线性声波方程和非线性声波方程 5
1．2．2 Linear and Non-linear Sound Wave Equation 5
1．2．2线性声波方程与非线性声波方程 5
1．3．1声波的反射和折射 7
1．3．1 Reflection and Refraction of Sound Wave 7
1．3声波的反射、折射和衍射 7
1．3 Reflection, Refraction and Difraction of Sound Wave 7
1．3．2 Difraction of Sound Wave 10
1．3．2声波的衍射 10
1．4．1声功率和声强 11
1．4 Description of Sound Field 11
1．4．1 Sound Power and Sound Indensity 11
1．4．2 Sound Pressure Level ,Sound Indensity Level and Sound Power Level 11
1．4声场的描述 11
1．4．2声压级、声强级与声功率级 11
1．4．3 Composition and Resolution of Levels 13
1．4．3级的合成与分解 13
1．5声源类型与声辐射的指向特性 16
1．5 Type of Sound Source and Directivity of Sound Radiation 16
1．5．1 Type of Sound Source and Its Indensity 16
1．5．1声源类型及其声强 16
1．5．2声辐射的指向特性 18
1．5．2 Directivity of Sound Radiation 18
1．6．1 The Meaning of Noise Frequency Spectrum 22
1．6 The Frequency Spectrum of Noise 22
1．5．3 The Sound Indensity Level and Sound Pressure Level under Effect of Directivity of Sound Source 22
1．6噪声的频谱 22
1．5．3考虑声源指向性时的声强级与声压级 22
1．6．1噪声频谱的意义 22
1．6．2几种典型的噪声频谱 23
1．6．2 Typical Noise Frequency Spectrum 23
1．6．3 1/1倍频程和1/3倍频程频谱 24
1．6．3 Octave and 1/3 Octave Frequency Spectrum 24
1．7．1 Human Auditory Organ 26
1．7听觉和噪声的主观评价 26
1．7 Auditory Sense and Subjective Evaluation of Noise 26
1．7．1人的听觉器官 26
1．7．2 Equal Loudness Contours, Weighting Network and A-weighted Sound Level 28
1．7．2等响曲线、计权网络与A声级 28
Chapter 2 Sound Source and Physical Characteristics of Gun Muzzle Noise 31
2．1 Outlines of Gun Muzzle Noise and Definition of Impulse Noise 31
2．1．1 Outlines of Gun Muzzle Noise 31
2．1．1枪炮噪声概述 31
2．1枪炮噪声概述及脉冲噪声的定义 31
第二章 枪炮噪声的声源和物理特性 31
2．1．2 The Definition of Impulse Noise 32
2．1．2关于脉冲噪声的定义 32
2．2．1 Muzzle Stream Field 34
2．2枪炮噪声的声源 34
2．2．1膛口气流流场 34
2．2 The Sound Source of Muzzle Noise 34
2．2．2膛口噪声的声源 37
2．2．2 Sound Source of Muzzle Noise 37
2．3 Physical Characteristics of Muzzle Noise 40
2．3．1 Sound Power of Muzzle Noise 40
2．3．1枪炮噪声的声功率 40
2．3枪炮噪声的物理特性 40
2．3．2 Peak Sound Pressure Level and Impulse Sound Pressure Level of Muzzle Noise 41
2．3．2枪炮噪声的峰值声压级和脉冲声压级 41
2．3．3 Characteristics of Muzzle Noise in Time Domain 46
2．3．3枪炮噪声的时间特性 46
2．3．4 Characteristics of Muzzle Noise Frequency Domain 51
2．3．4枪炮噪声的频率特性 51
2．3．5枪炮噪声的指向性 59
2．3．5 Directivity of Muzzle Noise 59
3．1枪炮噪声声功率与膛口参数的关系 66
第三章 枪炮噪声的预测和估算 66
3．1．1量纲分析 66
Chapter 3 Predication and Estimation of Muzzle Noise 66
3．1 The Relation between Sound Power and Muzzle Parameters 66
3．1．1 Dimension Analysis 66
3．1．2 The Relation between Sound Power W,Sound Power Level Lw and Muzzle Parameters Pg,u0,d 67
3．1．2声功率W和声功率级Lw与膛口参数P？、？0、d的关系 67
3．1．3 Acoustic Efficiency of Muzzle Noise 68
3．1．3膛口噪声声效率 68
3．2．1 The Relation between Muzzle Noise Directivity Index DI and Azimuth Angle θ 70
3．2．1膛口噪声指向性指数DI与方位角θ的关系 70
3．2 Predication of Impulse and Peak Sound Pressure Level around the Muzzle 70
3．2膛口周围脉冲声压级和峰值声压级的预测 70
3．2．2 Muzzle Noise Attenuation Factor n in Free Field 71
3．2．2膛口噪声在自由声场中的衰减系数n 71
3．2．3 Predication of Sound Pressure Level around the Muzzle 72
3．3 Calculation of Gun Muzzle Noise Overpressure Made by American and Russian 72
3．3．1 Estimation Method of Gun Muzzle Noise Overpressure Provided by Naval Materials Laboratory （NML）of U.S.A 72
3．2．3膛口周围声压级的预测 72
3．3美苏关于枪炮噪声超压的计算 72
3．3．1美国海军武器研究所枪炮噪声超压估算法 72
3．3．2 Calculation Method of Gun Muzzle Noise Overpressure Provided by Orlov（U.S.S.R） 73
3．3．2苏联奥尔洛夫火炮噪声超压计算法 73
3．4无后坐武器噪声的预测 74
3．4．1无后坐武器噪声源的定性描述 74
3．4．1 The Qualitative Description of Sound Source of Recoilless Weapons 74
3．4 Predication of Recoilless Weapons Noise 74
3．4．2无后坐武器噪声的定量计算 76
3．4．2 The Quantilative Calculation of Noise of Recoilless Weapons 76
3．5 Predication of Far-field Noise Sound Pressure Level of Initial Shock Wave from Light Weapons 79
3．5轻武器枪口初始冲击波远场噪声声压级的预测 79
3．6 The Calculation of Sound Pressure Level of Projectile Shock Wave Noise and Its Duration 81
3．6弹头激波噪声声压级及其持续时间计算 81
Chapter 4 The Characteristic and Predication of Explosive Sound 82
4．1 The Concept about Explosive Sound 82
4．1爆炸声的概念 82
第四章 爆炸声的特性与预测 82
4．2．1 Proportionality Law 84
4．2 The Characteristic and Predication of Explosive Sound 84
4．2．1比例定律 84
4．2爆炸声的特性与预测 84
4．2．2 Overpressure and Peak Pressure Level of Explosive Sound 85
4．2．2爆炸声的超压和峰压级 85
4．2．3爆炸声的衰减 88
4．2．3 Attenuation of Explosive Sound 88
4．2．5 Frequency Spectrum of Explosive Sound 89
4．2．4爆炸声正脉冲时间的经验公式 89
4．2．5爆炸声的频谱 89
4．2．4 Empirical Formula for Positif Pulse Duration of Explosive Sound 89
4．3 Explosive Source Energy and Its Calculation 92
4．3爆炸源能量及其计算 92
4．4 Characteristic Data Table of Explosive Wave 94
4．4爆炸波特性数据表 94
4．4．2点源标准爆炸波特性数据 95
4．4．1 TNT圆柱形炸药爆炸时的峰压级和脉宽 95
4．4．2 Standard Explosive Wave Characteristic Data of Point Source 95
4．4．1 Peak Pressure Level and Pulse Width Induced by Exploded Cylindrical TNT 95
4．4．3 Standard Explosive Wave Characteristie Data of Spherical TNT 97
4．4．3球形TNT炸药标准爆炸波特性数据 97
Chapter 5 The Damage ,Evaluation and Cristias of Gun Muzzle Noise and Explosive Sound 99
5．1 The Damage by Gun Muzzle Noise and Explosive Sound 99
5．1．1 Outlines of Damage 99
第五章 枪炮噪声与爆炸声的危害、评价和标准 99
5．1枪炮噪声与爆炸声的危害 99
5．1．1危害概况 99
5．1．2 Featares of Auditory Loss Induced by Muzzle Noise and Explosive Sound 104
5．1．2枪炮噪声与爆炸声对听觉损伤的特点 104
5．1．3 Response of Human Ear to Muzzle Noise and Explosive Sound 112
5．1．3人耳对枪炮噪声与爆炸声的响应特性 112
5．2 The Evaluation to Muzzle Noise and Explosive Sound 114
5．2．1 Basis of Evaluation 114
5．2．1评价的依据 114
5．2枪炮噪声与爆炸声的评价 114
5．2．2 Physical Parameters Used in Evaluation 115
5．2．2评价的物理参量 115
5．3．1枪炮噪声和爆炸声的噪声标准概况 117
5．3枪炮噪声与爆炸声的噪声标准 117
5．3．1 Outlines 117
5．3 Noise Criterias for Gun Muzzle Noise and Explosive Sound 117
5．3．2枪炮噪声和爆炸声的噪声标准 118
5．3．2 Noise Criterias for Gun Muzzle Noise and Explosive Sound 118
6．2．1膛口消声器的性能要求和消声量评价 127
第六章 枪炮噪声的治理和防护 127
6．1引言 127
6．2膛口噪声源的消声技术 127
6．2．1 Property Requirement and Noise Reduction Evaluation for Muzzle Muffler 127
6．2 Sound Deadening Technique for Muzzle Noise Source 127
6．1 Introduction 127
Chapter 6 Gun Muzzle Noise Control and Protection 127
6．2．2 Classification , Principle and Properties of Muzzle Muffler 129
6．2．2膛口消声器的分类、原理及性能 129
6．2．3 Design and Calculation of Muzzle Muffler and Key Points for Design 136
6．2．3膛口消声器的设计计算和设计要点 136
6．2．4 High Performance Muzzle Muffler 147
6．2．4高效膛口消声器 147
6．3 Sound Insulation and Absorption in Propogation Path 148
6．3传声途径上的隔声与吸声 148
6．3．1 Sound Insulation 149
6．3．1隔声 149
6．3．2 Sound Absorption 155
6．3．2吸声 155
6．4 Examples for Target Field Noise Control 161
6．4．1 Comprehesive Treatment Dealing with Sound Deadening, Insulation and Harmful Gas Clearing for Indoor Range 161
6．4．1室内靶场消声、隔声与有害气体净化综合治理 161
6．4靶场噪声治理实例 161
6．4．2 Noise Control for Indoor Pistol Range 171
6．4．2室内手枪靶场噪声治理 171
6．4．3 Noise Blindage for Emplacement in Field Gun Range 172
6．4．3野外火炮靶场炮位噪声掩体 172
6．5 Personal Protection to Gun Muzzle Noise and Explosive Sound 174
6．5．1 Kinds and Properties of Ear Protector 174
6．5．1护耳器的种类、性能 174
6．5枪炮噪声与爆炸声的个体防护 174
6．5．2 Action of Ear Protector Proventing from Gun Muzzle Noise and Explosive Sound 177
6．5．2护耳器对枪炮噪声和爆炸声的防护作用 177
Appendix A Procedure for Pressure Wave Measurement 182
附录A 压力波的测试规程 182
Appendix B Measurement Method of Weapons Impulse Noise 186
附录B 兵器脉冲噪声测量方法 186
Appendix C Procedure for Light Weapons Noise Measurement 189
附录C 轻武器噪声测试规范 189
References 199
参考文献 199