1．1 WHY STUDY DATA COMMUNICATIONS 1
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1．2 DATA COMMUNICATION 2
Components 3
1．3 NETWORKS 4
Distributed Processing 4
Network Criteria 5
Applications 6
1．4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS 7
Protocols 7
Standards 8
1．5 STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS 9
Standards Creation Committees 9
Forums 12
Regulatory Agencies 13
1．6 STUCTURE OF THE BOOK 13
1．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 13
1．8 SUMMARY 14
Review Questions 15
1．9 PRACTICE SET 15
Multiple Choice Questions 16
Exercises 18
Chapter 2 Basic Concepts 21
Point-to Point 21
2．1 LINE CONFIGURATION 21
Chapter 2 Basic Concepts 21
2．2 TOPOLOGY 22
Multipoint 22
Mesh 23
Tree 25
Star 25
Bus 26
Ring 27
2．3 TRANSMISSION MODE 28
Hybrid Topologies 28
Half-Duplex 29
Full-Duplex 29
Simplex 29
2．4 CATEGORIES OF NETWORKS 30
Local Area Network (LAN) 30
Wide Area Network (WAN) 32
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) 32
2．5 INTERNETWORKS 33
2．6 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 34
2．7 SUMMARY 34
2．8 PRACTICE SET 35
Review Questions 35
Multiple Choice Questions 36
Exercises 38
Chapter 3 The OSI Model 43
3．1 THE MODEL 43
Layered Architecture 43
Chapter 3 The OSI Model 43
3．2 FUNCTIONS OF THE LAYERS 47
Physical Layer 47
Data Link Layer 48
Network Layer 49
Transport Layer 50
Session Layer 53
Presentation Layer 54
Application Layer 55
Summary of Layer Functions 56
3．3 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE 56
3．4 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 57
3．5 SUMMARY 58
3．6 PRACTICE SET 59
Review Questions 59
Multiple Choice Questions 59
Exercises 63
Chapter 4 Signals 65
4．1 ANALOG AND DIGITAL 65
Chapter 4 Signals 65
4．2 PERIODIC AND APERIODIC SIGNALS 66
Analog and Digital Signals 66
Analog and Digital Data 66
Periodic Signals 67
Aperiodic Signals 67
Simple Analog Signals 68
4．3 ANALOG SIGNALS 68
4．4 TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAINS 73
4．5 COMPOSITE SIGNALS 75
Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth 76
4．6 DIGITAL SIGNALS 79
Decomposition of a Digital Signal 80
4．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 81
4．8 SUMMARY 82
4．9 PRACTICE SET 83
Review Questions 83
Multiple Choice Questions 84
Exercises 87
Chapter 5 Encoding and Modulating 91
Chapter 5 Encoding and Modulating 91
Unipolar 92
5．1 DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION 92
Polar 94
Bipolar 97
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) 102
5．2 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION 102
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 103
Sampling Rate 104
How Many Bits per Sample? 106
Bit Rate 107
5．3 DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION 107
Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion 108
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 109
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 111
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 113
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 116
Bit/Baud Comparison 118
5．4 ANALOG-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION 120
Amplitude Modulation (AM) 121
Frequency Modulation (FM) 122
Phase Modulation (PM) 125
5．5 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 125
5．6 SUMMARY 126
5．7 PRACTICE SET 127
Review Questions 127
Multiple Choice Questions 128
Exercises 133
Chapter 6 Transmission of Digital Data: Interfaces and Modems 139
6．1 DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION 139
Chapter 6 Transmission of Digital Data: Interfaces and Modems 139
Parallel Transmission 140
Serial Transmission 141
6．2 DTE-DCE INTERFACE 143
Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment (DCE) 144
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) 144
Standards 145
EIA-232 Interfac 145
6．3 OTHER INTERFACE STANDARDS 152
EIA-449 153
EIA-530 157
X.21 158
6．4 MODEMS 159
Transmission Rate 160
Modem Standards 164
6．5 56K MODEMS 171
Traditional Modems 171
56K Modems 172
Downloading 174
6．6 CABLE MODEM 174
Why Only 56 Kbps? 174
6．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 175
Uploading 175
6．8 SUMMARY 176
6．9 PRACTICE SET 177
Review Questions 177
Multiple Choice Questions 179
Exercises 185
Chapter 7 Transmission Media 187
Chapter 7 Transmission Media 187
7．1 GUIDED MEDIA 188
Twisted-Pair Cable 188
Coaxial Cable 192
Optical Fiber 193
7．2 UNGUIDED MEDIA 200
Radio Frequency Allocation 200
Propagation of Radio Waves 200
Terrestrial Microwave 205
Satellite Communication 206
Cellular Telephony 208
7．3 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT 211
Attenuation 211
Distortion 213
Noise 213
7．4 PERFORMANCE 214
Throughput 214
Propagation Speed 215
Propagation Time 215
7．5 WAVELENGTH 215
7．6 SHANNON CAPACITY 216
7．7 MEDIA COMPARISON 217
7．8 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 218
7．9 SUMMARY 220
7．10 PRACTICE SET 222
Review Questions 222
Multiple Choice Questions 223
Exercises 230
Chapter 8 Multiplexing 231
8．1 MANY TO ONE/ONE TO MANY 231
Chapter 8 Multiplexing 231
8．2 FREQUENCY-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (FDM) 232
8．3 WAVE-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (WDM) 235
8．4 TIME-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM) 236
Inverse Multiplexing 244
8．5 MULTIPLEXING APPLICATION: THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM 245
Common Carrier Services and Hierarchies 245
Analog Services 246
Digital Services 248
8．6 DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL) 254
ADSL 254
RADSL 255
HDSL 256
SDSL 256
VDSL 256
8．7 FTTC 257
FTTC in the Telephone Network 257
FTTC in the Cable TV Network 257
8．8 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 258
8．9 SUMMARY 259
Review Questions 261
8．10 PRACTICE SET 261
Multiple Choice Questions 262
Exercises 266
Chapter 9 Error Detection and Correction 273
9．1 TYPES OF ERRORS 273
Single-Bit Error 273
Chapter 9 Error Detection and Correction 273
Burst Error 274
9．2 DETECTION 275
Redundancy 275
9．3 VERTICAL REDUNDANCY CHECK (VRC) 277
9．4 LONGITUDINAL REDUNDANCY CHECK (LRC) 279
9．5 CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK (CRC) 280
Performance 284
9．6 CHECKSUM 284
9．7 ERROR CORRECTION 287
Single-Bit Error Correction 287
Hamming Code 289
Burst Error Correction 291
9．8 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 292
9．9 SUMMARY 293
9．10 PRACTICE SET 294
Review Questions 294
Multiple Choice Questions 294
Exercises 298
Chapter 10 Data Link Control 301
Chapter 10 Data Link Control 301
10．1 LINE DISCIPLINE 302
ENQ/ACK 302
Poll/Select 304
10．2 FLOW CONTROL 306
Stop-and-Wait 308
Sliding Window 308
10．3 ERROR CONTROL 312
Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) 312
Stop-and-Wait ARQ 312
Sliding Window ARQ 315
10．4 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 321
10．5 SUMMARY 321
10．6 PRACTICE SET 322
Review Questions 322
Multiple Choice Questions 323
Exercises 326
Chapter 11 Data Link Protocols 329
Chapter 11 Data Link Protocols 329
11．1 ASYNCHRONOUS PROTOCOLS 330
XMODEM 330
BLAST 331
Kermit 331
YMODEM 331
ZMODEM 331
11．2 SYNCHRONOUS PROTOCOLS 332
11．3 CHARACTER-ORIENTED PROTOCOLS 332
Binary Synchronous Communication (BSC) 333
BSC Frames 334
Data Transparency 337
11．4 BIT-ORIENTED PROTOCOLS 339
HDLC 340
Frames 342
More about Frames 349
Examples 353
11．5 LINK ACCESS PROCEDURES 357
LAPB 357
LAPD 358
LAPM 358
11．6 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 358
11．7 SUMMARY 359
11．8 PRACTICE SET 360
Review Questions 360
Multiple Choice Questions 361
Exercises 364
12．1 PROJECT 802 369
Chapter 12 Local Area Networks 369
Chapter 12 Local Area Networks 369
IEEE 802.1 370
MAC 371
Protocol Data Unit (PDU) 371
LLC 371
12．2 ETHERNET 372
Access Method: CSMA /CD 373
Addressing 374
Electrical Specification 374
Frame Format 374
Implementation 376
Switched Ethernet 380
12．3 OTHER ETHERNET NETWORKS 380
Fast Ethernet 382
Gigabit Ethernet 384
12．4 TOKEN BUS 385
12．5 TOKEN RING 386
Access Method: Token Passing 386
Addressing 388
Electrical Specification 388
Frame Formats 388
Implementation 391
12．6 FDDI 393
Access Method: Token Passing 393
Addressing 395
Electrical Specification 396
Frame Format 397
Implementation: Physical Medium Dcpendent (PMD) Layer 399
12．8 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 401
12．7 COMPARISON 401
12．9 SUMMARY 402
12．10 PRACTICE SET 404
Review Questions 404
Multiple Choice Questions 405
Exercises 409
Chapter 13 Metropolitan Area Networks 413
Chapter 13 Metropolitan Area Networks 413
13．1 IEEE 802.6 (DQDB) 413
Access Method: Dual Bus 413
Distributed Queues 416
Ring Configuration 418
Operation: DQDB Layers 419
Implementation 420
13．2 SMDS 421
SMDS Architecture 421
Features 423
13．3 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 424
13．4 SUMMARY 424
13．5 PRACTICE SET 425
Review Questions 425
Multiple Choice Questions 425
Exercises 427
Chapter 14 Switching 431
Chapter 14 Switching 431
14．1 CIRCUIT SWITCHING 432
Space-Division Switches 434
Time-Division Switches 436
TDM Bus 438
Space-and Time-Division Switching Combinations 439
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 440
14．2 PACKET SWITCHING 441
Datagram Approach 442
Virtual Circuit Approach 443
Circuit-Switched Connection versus Virtual-Circuit Connection 444
14．3 MESSAGE SWITCHING 446
14．4 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 447
14．5 SUMMARY 448
14．6 PRACTICE SET 449
Review Questions 449
Multiple Choice Questions 450
Exercises 452
Chapter 15 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 455
15．1 TRANSITION STATES 455
Chapter 15 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 455
Physical Layer 456
15．2 PPPLAYERS 456
Data Link Layer 457
LCP Packets 458
15．3 LINK CONTROL PROTOCOL (LCP) 458
Options 460
15．4 AUTHENTICATION 460
PAP 460
CHAP 461
15．5 NETWORK CONTROL PROTOCOL (NCP) 462
IPCP 463
Other Protocols 464
15．6 AN EXAMPLE 464
15．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 465
15．8 SUMMARY 466
15．9 PRACTICE SET 466
Review Questions 466
Multiple Choice Questions 467
Exercises 469
Chapter 16 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 471
16．1 SERVICES 471
Bearer Services 471
Chapter 16 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 471
Teleservices 471
Supplementary Services 472
16．2 HISTORY 472
Voice Communication over Analog Networks 472
Voice and Data Communication over Analog Networks 472
Analog and Digital Services to Subscribers 473
Integrated Digital Network (IDN) 473
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 474
16．3 SUBSCRIBER ACCESS TO THE ISDN 475
B Channels 476
D Channels 476
H Channels 476
User Interfaces 476
Functional Grouping 478
Reference Points 480
16．4 THE ISDN LAYERS 481
Physical Layer 482
Data Link Layer 487
Network Layer 488
16．5 BROADBAND ISDN 492
Services 493
Physical Specifications 494
16．6 FUTURE OF ISDN 495
16．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 496
16．8 SUMMARY 497
16．9 PRACTICE SET 498
Review Questions 498
Multiple Choice Questions 499
Exercises 503
Chapter 17 X.25 505
Chapter 17 X.25 505
17．1 X.25 LAYERS 506
Physical Layer 506
Frame Layer 506
Packet Layer 508
PLP Packets 510
X.121 Protocol 516
Triple-X Protocols 516
17．2 OTHER PROTOCOLS RELATED TO X.25 516
17．3 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 517
17．4 SUMMARY 518
17．5 PRACTICE SET 518
Review Questions 518
Multiple Choice Questions 519
Exercises 522
Chapter 18 Frame Relay 525
18．1 INTRODUCTION 525
Chapter 18 Frame Relay 525
Advantages 528
Disadvantages 528
18．2 FRAME RELAY OPER ATION 529
Role of Frame Relay 529
Virtual Circuits 530
DLCIs Inside the Network 532
Switches 532
18．3 FRAME RELAY LAYERS 533
Data Link Layer 534
Physical Layer 534
18．4 CONGESTION CONTROL 535
Congestion Avoidance 536
Discarding 537
18．5 LEAKY BUCKET ALGORITHM 537
18．6 TRAFFIC CONTROL 540
Access Rate 541
Committed Burst Size 541
Committed Information Rate 541
Excess Burst Size 542
User Rate 542
18．7 OTHER FEATURES 543
Extended Address 543
FRADs 543
VOFR 544
LMI 544
18．8 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 544
18．9 SUMMARY 545
18．10 PRACTICE SET 545
Review Questions 545
Multiple Choice Questions 546
Exercises 550
Chapter 19 ATM 553
19．1 DESIGN GOALS 553
Chapter 19 ATM 553
Packet Networks 554
Mixed Network Traffic 554
Cell Networks 555
Asynchronous TDM 556
19．2 ATM ARCHITECTURE 557
Virtual Connection 557
Identifiers 558
Cells 559
Connection Establishment and Relcase 559
19．3 SWITCHING 561
VP Switch 561
VPC Switch 562
19．4 SWITCH FABRICS 563
Crossbar Switch 563
Knockout Switch 563
Banyan Switch 563
Batcher-Banyan Switch 565
19．5 ATM LAYERS 566
Application Adaptation Layer (AAL) 566
ATM Layer 573
Physical Layer 575
19．6 SERVICE CLASSES 576
Quality of Service (Qos) 577
Traffic Descriptors 578
19．7 ATM APPLICATIONS 578
ATM WANs 578
ATM LANs 579
19．8 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 581
19．9 SUMMARY 582
19．10 PRACTICE SET 583
Review Questions 583
Multiple Choice Questions 584
Exercises 589
Chapter 20 SONET/SDH 593
Chapter 20 SONET/SDH 593
20．1 SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT SIGNALS 594
20．2 PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION 595
SONET Devices 595
Sections, Lines, and Paths 596
20．3 SONET LAYERS 597
Photonic Layer 597
Section Layer 597
Line Layer 597
Device-Layer Relationships 598
Path Layer 598
20．4 SONET FRAME 598
Frame Format 599
Section Overhead 600
Line Overhead 601
Path Overhead 602
Virtual Tributaries 603
Types of VTs 603
20．5 MULTIPLEXING STS FRAMES 604
ATM Convergence to SONET/SDH 605
20．6 APPLICATIONS 606
20．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 606
20．8 SUMMARY 607
20．9 PRACTICE SET 607
Review Questions 607
Multiple Choice Questions 608
Exercises 611
Chapter 21 Networking and Internetworking Devices 613
Chapter 21 Networking and Internetworking Devices 613
21．1REPEATERS 614
Not an Amplifier 615
21．2 BRIDGES 616
Types of Bridges 618
Birdges Connecting Different LANs 620
21．3 ROUTERS 620
Routing Concepts 622
21．4 GATEWAYS 624
21．5 OTHER DEVICES 625
Multiprotocol Routers 625
Brouters 625
Switches 627
Routing Switches 627
21．6 ROUTING ALGORITHMS 628
21．7 DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING 628
Sharing Information 628
Routing Table 630
21．8 LINK STATE ROUTING 633
Information Sharing 633
The Dijkstra Algorithm 637
21．9 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 640
21．10 SUMMARY 640
21．11 PRACTICE SET 641
Review Questions 641
Multiple Choice Questions 642
Exercises 645
Chapter 22 Transport Layer 649
Chapter 22 Transport Layer 649
22．1 DUTIES OF THE TRANSPORT LAYER 650
End-to-End Delivery 650
Addressing 651
Reliable Delivery 652
Flow Control 655
Multiplexing 657
22．2 CONNECTION 658
Connection Establishment 658
Connection Termination 659
22．3 THE OSI TRANSPORT PROTOCOL 659
Transport Classes 659
Transport Protocol Data Unit (TPDU) 660
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services 661
22．4 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 662
22．5 SUMMARY 663
22．6 PRACTICE SET 664
Review Questions 664
Multiple Choice Questions 664
Exercises 666
Chapter 23 Upper OSI Layers 669
23．1 SESSION LAYER 669
Chapter 23 Upper OSI Layers 669
Session and Transport Interaction 670
Synchronization Points 671
Session Protocol Data Unit 672
23．2 PRESENTATION LAYER 673
Translation 673
Encryption/Decryption 675
Authentication 685
Data Compression 686
23．3 APPLICATION LAYER 688
Message Handling System (MHS) 688
File Transfer, Access, and Management (FTAM) 690
Virtual Terminal (VT) 691
Directory Services (DS) 692
Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) 693
23．4 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 695
23．5 SUMMARY 696
23．6 PRACTICE SET 697
Review Questions 697
Multiple Choice Questions 698
Exercises 702
Chapter 24 TCP/IP Protocol Suite: Part 1 705
Chapter 24 TCP/IP Protocol Suite: Part 1 705
24．1 OVERVIEW OF TCP/IP 705
TCP/IP and the Internet 705
TCP/IP and OSI 706
Encapsulation 706
24．2 NETWORK LAYER 707
Internetwork Protocol (IP) 707
24．3 ADDRESSING 710
Classes 710
Dotted-Decimal Notation 711
Nodes with More Than One Address 713
A Sample Internet 714
24．4 SUBNETTING 714
Three Levels of Hierarchy 716
Masking 716
Finding the Subnetwork Address 717
24．5 OTHER PROTOCOLS IN THE NETWORK LAYER 719
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 719
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) 720
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 721
Internet Group Message Protocol (ICMP) 721
24．6 TRANSPORT LAYER 721
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 722
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 723
24．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 725
24．8 SUMMARY 726
24．9 PRACTICE SET 727
Review Questions 727
Multiple Choice Questions 728
Exercises 731
Chapter 25 TCP/IP Protocol Suite: Part 2, Application Layer 737
Chapter 25 TCP/IP Protocol Suite: Part 2, Application Layer 737
25．1 CLIENT-SERVER MODEL 737
Client 738
Server 738
BOOTP 739
DHCP 739
25．2 BOOTSTRAP PROTOCOL (BOOTP) AND DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL (DHCP) 739
25．3 DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS) 740
DNS in the Internet 740
25．4 TELNET 742
Network Virtual Terminal (NVT) 745
25．5 FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP) 745
25．6 TRIVIAL FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (TFTP) 746
25．7 SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL (SMTP) 747
User Agent (UA) 749
Addresses 749
Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) 749
Post Office Protocol (POP) 750
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) 750
25．8 SIMPLE NETWORK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL (SNMP) 752
Concept 752
SMI 753
MIB 753
SNMP 754
25．9 HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP) 755
HTTP Transaction 755
Messages 756
Request Messages 756
Response Message 756
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) 756
Hypertext And Hypermedia 758
Browser Architecture 758
25．10 WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW) 758
Static Documents 760
HTML 760
Dynamic Documents 762
Common Gateway Interface (CGI) 763
Active Documents 764
Java 765
25．11 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 765
25．12 SUMMARY 766
25．13 PRACTICE SET 768
Review Questions 768
Multiple Choice Questions 769
Exercises 775
Appendix A ASCII Code 777
Appendix A ASCII Code 777
Appendix B Numbering Systems and Transformation 782
Appendix B Numbering Systems and Transformation 782
B．1 NUMBERING SYSTEMS 782
Decimal Numbers 783
Binary Numbers 783
Octal Numbers 784
Hexadecimal Numbers 785
B．2 TRANSFORMATION 786
From Other Systems to Decimal 787
From Decimal to Other Systems 788
From Binary to Octal or Hexadecimal 788
From Octal or Hexadecimal to Binary 789
Appendix C Representation of Binary Numbers 790
Appendix C Representation of Binary Numbers 790
C．1 UNSIGNED NUMBERS 790
C．2 SIGNED NUMBERS 791
Sign-and-Magnitude 791
One s Complement 793
Two s Complement 794
Finding the Complement 795
C．3 MORE ABOUT ONE S COMPLEMENT 795
Adding Two Numbers 796
Appendix D Fourier Analysis 798
Appendix D Fourier Analysis 798
D．1 FOURIER SERIES 799
D．2 FOURIER TRANSFORM 801
Appendix E Hardware Equipment for Error Detection 802
E．1 ELECTRONIC DEVICES 802
XOR Gate 802
Appendix E Hardware Equipment for Error Detection 802
Shift Register 803
NOT Gate 803
E．2 VERTICAL REDUNDANCY CHECK (VRC) 804
VRC Generator 804
VRC Checker 804
E．3 LONGITUDINAL REDUNDANCY CHECK (LRC) 805
LRC Generator 805
LRC Checker 805
E．4 CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK (CRC) 806
The CRC Generator 806
The CRC Checker 806
Appendix F Huffman Encoding 809
Appendix F Huffman Encoding 809
F．1 CHAPACTER TREE 810
F．2 ASSIGNING THE CODES 813
F．3 DECODING 814
Appendix G LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch) Compression Method 815
Appendix G LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch) Compression Method 815
G．1 COMPRESSION 815
Dictionary 815
Buffer 816
Compression Algorithm 816
Example of Compression 817
G．2 DECOMPRESSION 818
Dictionary 818
Buffers 819
Decompression Algorithm 819
Decompression Example 819
Appendix H Next Generation of TCP/IP Protocol Suite: IPv6 and ICMPv6 822
Appendix H Next Generation of TCP/IP Protocol Suite: IPv6 and ICMPv6 822
H．1 IPv6 823
IPv6 Addresses 823
IPv6 Packet Format 828
H．2 ICMPv6 833
Appendix I Spanning Tree 835
I．1 SPANNING TREES AND BRIDGES 835
Appendix I Spanning Tree 835
Algorithm 837
Forming the Spanning Tree 838
Example 838
I．2 SPANNING TREES AND MULTICAST ROUTING 840
References 841
References 841
Glossary 843
Glossary 843
Index 877
Index 877