三、碳酸岩中有机质的来源 1
1．1．1 Organism association types and carbonate sediments 1
1．1 Distribution and organic composition of carbonate rocks 1
CHAPTER 1．SEDIMENTARY CHARACTERISTICS OF CARBONATE ROCKS AND THE SOURCES OF ORGANIC MATTER 1
PREFACE 1
第一章 碳酸岩的沉积特点及其有机质的来源 1
一、碳酸岩的分布与生物组成 1
（一）碳酸盐沉积与生物组合类型 1
1．1．2 Organic mineralization and carbonate sediments 7
（二）生物矿化作用与碳酸盐沉积 7
二、微生物对碳酸岩中有机质的作用 11
1．2 Microbial alteration of organic matter in carbonate sediments 11
（一）微生物对有机质矿化作用的类型 12
1．2．1 Organic mineralization types effected by microbial activity 12
1．2．2 Distribution and activity of microorganisms 13
（二）微生物在沉积物中的分布范围与作用 13
1．3 Sources of organic matter in carbonate rocks 16
1．3．1 Productivity and composition of living organisms 18
（一）活体生物的产率与组成 18
1．3．2 Organisms in water body 20
（二）水体中的有机质 20
一、宏观的有机质聚集状态 25
2．1 Macroscopic occurrence of enriched organic matter 25
CHAPTER 2．EXISTING STATE AND COMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN CARBONATE ROCKS 25
第二章 碳酸岩有机质的存在形式与组成 25
（一）碳酸岩中的煤 26
2．1．1 Coal associated with carbonate rocks 26
（二）碳酸岩中的石油及沥青 28
2．1．2 Crude oil and asphalt associated with carbonate rocks 28
二、碳酸岩中分散有机质的存在形式 32
（一）碳酸岩矿物对有机质的作用 32
2．2 Occurrence of dispersed organic matter 32
2．2．1 Effectiveness of minerals on organic matter 32
2．2．2 Three kinds of dispersed organic matter 32
（二）碳酸岩分散有机质的类型 32
（三）各类有机质热演化程度及其地球化学意义 33
2．2．3 Thermal evolution of different kinds of organic matter and its geochemical significance 33
（一）碳酸岩中主要有机化合物 35
三、碳酸岩中主要的有机化合物类型 35
2．3 Major organic compound types of carbonate rocks 35
2．3．1 Major organic compounds 35
（二）碳酸岩中的氨基酸 36
2．3．2 Amino acids 36
一、蒸发岩建造有机质的生物标志化合物组成 42
CHAPTER 3．BIOLOGICAL MARKER COMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN CARBONATE ROCKS 42
3．1 Biomarker composition of organic matter in evaporite sequences 42
3．1．1 Littoral evaporite sediments （lagoonal-sabkha sediments） 42
第三章 碳酸岩有机质的生物标志化合物组成 42
（一）滨岸蒸发岩沉积（潟湖-萨布卡沉积） 42
（二）内陆盐湖沉积 51
3．1．2 Inland hypersaline lacustrine sediments 51
3．2 Biomarker composition of organic matter in marine carbonate sediments 65
3．2．1 Marine carbonate sediments and related crude oils abroad 65
二、海相碳酸盐沉积有机质的生物标志化合物组成 65
（一）国外海相碳酸盐沉积与原油 65
3．2．2 Marine carbonate rocks and related oils in Eastern China 70
（二）中国东部海相碳酸岩与原油 70
3．3 Biomarker peculiarities of organic matter in evaporiticcarbonate sedimentary sequences 75
三、蒸发岩-碳酸岩建造有机质生物标志化合物特征 75
第四章 碳酸岩中的沥青 77
一、碳酸岩中沥青的分布和类型 77
CHAPTER 4．ASPHALTS IN CARBONATE ROCKS 77
4．1 Distribution and types of asphalts in carbonate rocks 77
4．1．1 Primary-synstratum asphalts 78
（一）原生-同层沥青 78
4．1．2 Epigenetic-reservoir asphalts 79
（二）后生-储层沥青 79
（三）岩浆热变质沥青 80
（四）表生-浅层氧化沥青 80
4．1．3 Igneo-thermal alterated asphalts 80
4．1．4 Hypergenetic-shallow oxidized asphalts 80
4．2 Thermal metamorphism rule of asphalts in carbonate rocks and thermostage division and nomenclature 80
二、碳酸岩中沥青的热变质规律以及热演化阶段的划分与命名 80
（一）沥青热演化程度指标的选择与应用 81
4．2．1 Selection and application of thermal maturation indicators of asphalts 81
（二）碳酸岩中沥青演化程度的划分与命名 87
4．2．2 Division and nomenclature of thermal maturity of asphalts 87
三、划分碳酸岩区油、气产出界限的若干沥青热演化指标 90
4．3 Asphalt thermal alteration indicators used to evaluate the occurrence of crude oils and natural gases in carbonate rock areas 90
5．1 Significance of studying liquid inclusions in carbonate rocks 92
第五章 碳酸岩中的流体包裹体 92
CHAPTER 5．LIQUID INCLUSIONS IN CARBONATE ROCKS 92
一、研究意义 92
二、研究方法 93
5．2．1 Polarization microscopic study 93
5．2 Study methods 93
（一）偏光显微镜研究 93
5．2．2 Fluorescence microscopic study 97
5．2．3 Micro-cold and-heat stage study 97
（二）荧光显微镜研究 97
（三）显微冷热台研究 97
5．2．4 Compositional study 100
（四）成分研究 100
5．3 Application of inclusions in exploration of oil and gas in carbonate rock areas 104
三、包裹体在碳酸岩区油气勘探中的应用 104
第六章 碳酸岩有机质的成岩后生演化 109
CHAPTER 6．DIAGENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN CARBONATE ROCKS 109
6．1 Diagenetic alteration of organic matter in carbonate rocks 112
6．1．1 Diagenetic alteration of organic matter in lacustrine evaporites 112
（一）湖相蒸发岩有机质的热演化 112
一、碳酸岩有机质的成岩演化 112
6．1．2 Diagenetic alteration of organic matter in marine carbonate rocks——loss of organic matter during early diagenesis 115
（二）海相碳酸岩有机质成岩变化——碳酸岩有机质的早期成岩丢失 116
6．1．3 Early diagenesis of evaporite-carbonate rocks，and its relationship to generation of shallow hydrocarbon 118
（三）蒸发岩-碳酸岩早期成岩作用与浅成烃成因 118
6．2 Epigenetic alteration of organic matter in carbonate rocks 125
二、碳酸岩有机质的后生演化 125
CHAPTER 7．EVALUATION OF OIL AND GAS IN CARBONATE ROCK STRATA 130
第七章 碳酸岩地层油气评价 130
7．1 Geochemical methods and parameters for oil and gas evaluation 131
一、油气评价的地球化学方法与指标 131
7．2 Source rock evaluation 133
二、生油岩评价 133
（一）生油岩有机相 134
7．2．1 Organo-facies of source rocks 134
7．2．2 Abundance of organic matter in source rocks 136
（二）生油岩有机质丰度 136
（三）生油岩有机质类型 139
7．2．3 Organic matter types of source rocks 139
三、油源对比 141
7．3 Oil/oil and oil/source correlation 141
（一）油气藏成因评价与评价标志 150
四、油气藏评价和油气藏举例 150
7．4 Oil and gas reservoir evaluation and evaluation examples 150
7．4．1 Oil and gas reservoir evaluation and evaluation parameters 150
（二）油气藏举例 155
7．4．2 Evaluation examples 155
7．5 Thermal maturity and regional evaluation 164
7．5．1 Division of oil and gas generation stages 164
五、热成熟度和区域评价 164
（一）油气形成阶段的划分 164
7．5．2 Evaluation of regional prospectives of oil and gas in carbonate rock areas 165
（二）碳酸岩油气区域远景评价 165
CHAPTER 8．ORGANIC MATTER IN CARBONATE ROCKS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO STRATABOUND DEPOSITS 172
8．1 Abundance and origin of organic matter of stratabound deposits in carbonate rocks 172
第八章 碳酸岩中的有机质与层控矿床 172
一、碳酸岩层控矿床中有机质的丰度和成因 172
（一）有机质的丰度 172
8．1．1 Abundance of organic matter 172
（二）有机质的成因 173
8．1．2 Origin of organic matter 173
二、碳酸岩层控矿床中有机质的组成和性质及其与成矿作用的关系 177
（一）层控矿床中伴生沥青的微量元素组成在矿源对比研究中的意义 177
8．2 Composition and nature of organic matter occurred in stratabound deposits in carbonate rocks and its relatonship to mineralization 177
8．2．1 Trace elemental composition of asphalts associated with str atabound deposits and its significance in ore/source correlation 177
（二）层控矿床中沥青演化程度与成矿作用和成矿温度的关系 178
8．2．2 Thermal evolution of asphalts of stratabound deposits and its relationship to ore genesis and temperature 178
8．2．3 Examples of stratabound deposits associated closely with organic matter and asphalts 182
（三）与有机质和沥青关系密切的金属与非金属层控矿床实例 182
（一）成矿元素的活化、迁移与油田卤水 186
三、碳酸岩层控矿床成因与石油生成演化的关系 186
8．3 Relationship between carbonate stratabound deposit genesis and petroleum generation and evolution 186
8．3．1 Activity and migration of ore-generating elements，and their relationship to oil and gas field brine 186
（二）成矿物质的沉淀聚集和石油的生物降解及热演化 190
8．3．2 Precipitation and concentration of ore-generating elements and their relationship to petroleum biodegradation and thermal evolution 190
（三）成矿温度“窗”和“石油窗” 193
8．3．2 “Ore genetic temperature window”and“oil window” 193
参考文献 196
References 196
图版 205
Plates 205