PART ONE THE CONTEXT OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 1
CHAPTER1 Players in the Systems Game 2
SoundStage Entertainment Club 4
How to Use the Demonstration Case 8
Why Study Systems Analysis and Design Methods？ 8
Information Workers 9
System Owners 9
System Users 11
System Designers 12
System Builders 13
Systems Analysts 13
Information Technology Vendors and Consultants 13
The Modern Systems Analyst 13
Why Do Businesses Need Systems Analysts？ 13
What Is a Systems Analyst？ 14
What Does a Systems Analyst Do？ 15
Where Do Systems Analysts Work？ 15
Modern Business Trends and Implications 20
Total Quality Management 20
Business Process Redesign 20
Continuous Process Improvement 21
Globalization of the Economy 21
Information Technology Trends and Drivers 22
Preparing for a Career as a Systems Analyst 24
Working Knowledge of Information Technology 24
Computer ProgrammingExperience and Expertise 24
General Business Knowledge 25
Problem-Solving Skills 25
Interpersonal Communication Skills 25
Interpersonal Relations Skills 26
Flexibility and Adaptability 27
Character and Ethics 27
Systems Analysis and Design Skills 28
The Next Generation 29
Career Prospects 29
Predictions 29
Where Do You Go from Here？ 30
CHAPTER2 Information System Building Blocks 36
SoundStage Entertainment Club 38
The Product-Information Systems 45
Transaction Processing Systems 46
Management Information Systems 47
Decision Support Systems 47
Expert Systems 48
Office Automation Systems 48
Putting It All Together 49
A Framework for Information Systems Architecture 51
DATA Building Blocks 52
PROCESS Building Blocks 56
INTERFACE Building Blocks 60
Using the Framework for Information Systems Architecture 63
Where Do You Go from Here？ 66
CHAPTER3 Information Systems Development 72
SoundStage Entertainment Club 74
The Process of Systems Development 75
The Capability Maturity Model 76
Systems Life Cycle versus Systems Development Methodologies 77
Underlying Principles for Systems Development 79
A Systems Development Methodology 84
Project Identification 84
Project Phases 86
Cross Life Cycle Activities 92
Alternative Routes and Methods 94
Model-Driven Development Route 94
Rapid Application Development Route 98
Commercial Off-the-Shelf Package Software Route 100
Hybrid Approaches 103
The Maintenance and Reengineering Route 105
Automated Tools and Technology 106
CASE-Computer-Aided Systems Engineering 107
Application Development Environments 109
Process and Project Managers 110
Where Do You Go from Here？ 111
CHAPTER4 Project Management 120
SoundStage Entertainment Club 122
What Is Project Management？ 123
The Causes of Failed Projects 125
The Project Management Body of Knowledge 126
The Project Management Life Cycle 132
Activity1-Negotiate Scope 133
Activity2-Identify Tasks 134
Activity3-Estimate Task Durations 136
Activity4-Specify Intertask Dependencies 137
Activity5-Assign Resources 139
Activity6-Direct the Team Effort 143
Activity7-Monitor and Control Progress 144
Activity8-Assess Project Results and Experiences 154
Where Do You Go from Here？ 154
PART TWO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS METHODS 161
CHAPTER5 Systems Analysis 162
SoundStage Entertainment Club 164
What Is Systems Analysis？ 165
Systems Analysis Approaches 167
Model-Driven Analysis Approaches 167
Accelerated Analysis Approaches 171
Requirements Discovery Methods 172
Business Process Redesign Methods 173
FAST Systems Analysis Strategies 174
The Preliminary Investigation Phase 174
Task1.1-List Problems，Opportunities，and Directives 176
Task1.2-Negotiate Preliminary Scope 178
Task1.3-Assess Project Worth 179
Task1.4-Plan the Project 179
Task1.5-Present the Project and Plan 180
The Problem Analysis Phase 181
Task2.1-Study the Problem Domain 183
Task2.2-Analyze Problems and Opportunities 185
Task2.3-Analyze Business Processes 186
Task2.4-Establish System Improvement Objectives 187
Task2.5-Update the Project Plan 188
Task2.6-Present Findings and Recommendations 188
The Requirements Analysis Phase 189
Task3.1-Define Requirements 192
Task3.2-Analyze Functional Requirements 193
Task3.3-Trace and Complete Requirements 195
Task3.4-Prioritize Requirements 196
Task3.5-Update the Project Plan 196
Ongoing Requirements Management 197
The Decision Analysis Phase 197
Task4.1-Identify Candidate Solutions 199
Task4.2-Analyze Candidate Solutions 200
Task4.3-Compare Candidate Solutions 202
Task4.4-Update the Project Plan 202
Task4.5-Recommend a Solution 202
The Next Generation of Systems Analysis 203
Where Do You Go from Here？ 205
CHAPTER6 Requirements Discovery 212
SoundStage Entertainment Club 214
An Introduction to Requirements Discovery 215
The Process of Requirements Discovery 218
Problem Discovery and Analysis 218
Requirements Discovery 219
Documenting and Analyzing Requirements 221
Requirements Management 223
Requirements Discovery Methods 223
Sampling of Existing Documentation，Forms，and Files 223
Research and Site Visits 225
Observation of the Work Environment 226
Questionnaires 228
Interviews 230
How to Conduct an Interview 232
Discovery Prototyping 237
Joint Requirements Planning（JRP） 238
A Fact-Finding Strategy 243
Documenting Requirements Methods 244
Use Cases 244
How to Document a Use Case 245
Decisioin Tables 247
Requirements Tables 247
Where Do You Go from Here？ 249
CHAPTER7 Data Modeling and Analysis 254
SoundStage Entertainment Club 256
An Introduction to Systems Modeling 257
System Concepts for Data Modeling 260
Entities 260
Attributes 261
Relationships 264
The Process of Logical Data Modeling 273
Strategic Data Modeling 273
Data Modeling during Systems Analysis 275
Looking Ahead to Systems Design 276
Automated Tools for Data Modeling 277
How to Construct Data Models 277
Entity Discovery 277
The Context Data Model 279
The Key-Based Data Model 281
Generalized Hierarchies 284
The Fully Attributed Data Model 284
Analyzing the Data Model 286
What Is a Good Data Model？ 286
Data Analysis 288
Normalization Example 288
Mapping Data Requirements to Locations 297
Where Do You Go from Here？ 298
CHAPTER8 Process Modeling 304
SoundStage Entertainment Club 306
An Introduction to Systems Modeling 307
System Concepts for Process Modeling 310
Process Concepts 310
Data Flows 321
External Agents 329
Data Steres 330
The Process of Logical Process Modeling 331
Strategic Systems Planning 331
Process Modeling for Business Process Redesign 332
Process Modeling during Systems Analysis 332
Looking Ahead to Systems Design 332
Fact-Finding and Information Gathering for Process Modeling 334
Computer-Alded Systems Engineering（CASE）for Process Modeling 334
How to Construct Process Models 336
The Context Data Flow Diagram 336
The Functional Decomposition Diagram 337
The Event-Response or Use Case List 339
Event Decomposition Dlagrams 340
Event Diagrams 340
The System Diagram（s） 345
Primitive Diagrams 347
Completing the Specification 347
Synchronizing of System Models 351
Data and Process Model Synchronization 351
Process Distribution 352
The Next Generation 353
Where Do You Go from Here？ 355
CHAPTER9 Feasibility Analysis and the System Proposal 362
SoundStage Entertainment Club 364
Feasibility Analysis and the System Proposal 364
Feasibility Analysis-A Creeping Commitment Approach 365
Systems Analysis-Preliminary Investigation Checkpoint 365
Systems Analysis-Problem Analysis Checkpoing 365
Systems Design-Decision Analysis Checkpoing 367
Four Test for Feasibility 367
Operational Feasibility 367
Technical Feasibility 369
Schedule Feasibility 369
Economic Feasibility 370
The Bottom Line 370
Cost-Benefit Analysis Techniques 370
How Much Will the System Cost 370
What Benefits Will the System Provide？ 371
Is the Proposed System Cost-Effective？ 373
Feasibility Analysis of Candidate Systems 377
Candidate Systems Matrix 377
Feasibility Analysis Matrix 378
The System Proposal 380
Written Report 380
Formal Presentation 383
PART THREE SYSTEMS DESIGN METHODS 391
CHAPTER10 Systems Design 392
SoundStage Entertainment Club 394
What Is Systems Design？ 394
Systems Design Approaches 395
Model-Driven Approaches 395
Rapid Application Development（RAD） 401
FAST Systems Design Strategies 401
Systems Design for In-house Development-The Build Solution 401
Task5.1-Design the Application Architccture 403
Task5.2-Design the System Database（s） 405
Task5.3-Design the System Interface 405
Task5.4-Package Design Specifications 407
Task5.5-Update the Project Plan 408
Systems Design for Integrating Commercial Software-The Buy Solution 408
Task4.1-Research Technical Criteria and Options 408
Task4.2-Solicit Proposals （or Quotes）from Vendors 411
Task5A.1-Validate Vendor Claims and Performances 413
Task5A.2-Fvaluate and Rank Vendor Proposals 413
Task5A.3-Award（or Let）Contract and Debrief Vendors 414
Impact of Buy Decisions on Remaining Life Cycle Phases 414
Where Do You Go from Here？ 415
CHAPTER11 Application Architecture and Modeling 420
SoundStage Entertainment Club 422
Application Architecture 423
Physical Data Flow Diagrams 424
Physical Processes 425
Physical Data Flows 428
Physical External Agents 430
Physical Data Stores 430
Information Technology Architecture 430
Distributed Systems 432
DATA Architectures-Distributed Relational Databases 443
INTERFACE Architectures-Inputs，Outputs，and Middleware 445
PROCESS Architecture-The Software Development Environment 449
Application Architecture Strategies for Systems Design 452
The Enterprise Application Architecture Strategy 452
The Tactical Application Architecture Strategy 452
Modeling the Application Architecture of an Information System 453
Drawing Physical Data Flow Diagrams 453
Prerequisites 454
The Network Architecture 454
DATA Distribution and Technology Assignments 456
PROCESS Distribution and Technology Asslgnments 456
The Person/Machine Boundaries 458
Where Do You Go from Here？ 458
CHAPTER12 Database Design 466
SoundStage Entertainment Club 468
Conventional Files Versus the Database 470
The Pros and Cons of Conventional Files 470
The Pros and Cons of Database 472
Database Concepts for the Systems Analyst 473
Fields 473
Records 473
Files and Tables 474
Databases 475
Prerequisite for Database Design-Normalization 481
What Is a Good Data Model？ 481
Conventional File Design 482
Modern Database Design 482
Goals and Prerequisites to Database Design 483
The Database Schema 483
Data and Referential Integrity 488
Roles 489
Database Distribution and Replication 491
Database Prototypes 492
Database Capacity Planning 492
Database Structure Generation 492
The Next Generation of Database Design 493
Where Do You Go from Here？ 495
CHAPTER13 Output Design and Prototyping 502
SoundStage Entertainment Club 504
Output Design Concepts and Guidelines 505
Distribution and Audience of Outputs 505
Implementation Methods for Outputs 509
How to Design and Prototype Outputs 513
Automated Tools for Output Design and Prototyping 513
Output Design Guidelines 515
The Output Design Process 517
Web-Based Outputs and E-Business 525
Where Do You Go from Here？ 528
CHAPTER14 Input Design and Prototyping 534
SoundStage Entertainment Club 536
Input Design Concepts and Guidelines 537
Data Capture Data Entry and Data Processing 537
Input Methods and Implementation 540
System User Issues for Input Design 543
Internal Controls-Data Editing for Inputs 544
GUI Controls for Input Design 546
Common GUI Controls for Inputs 546
Advanced Input Controls 552
How to Design and Prototype Inputs 552
Automated Tools for Input Design and Prototyping 554
The Input Design Process 554
Web-Based Inputs and E-Business 560
Where Do You Go from Here？ 560
CHAPTER15 User Interface Design 568
SoundStage Entertainment Club 570
User Interface Design Concepts and Guidelines 571
Types of Computer Users 571
Human Factors 572
Human Engineering Guidelines 573
Dialogue Tone and Terminology 574
User Interface Technology 575
Operating Systems and Web Browsers 575
Display Monitor 575
Keyboards and Pointers 576
Graphical User Interface Styles and Considerations 577
Windows and Frames 577
Menu-Driven Interfaces 577
Instruction-Driven Interfaces 584
Question-Answer Dialogues 586
Secial Considerations for User Interface Design 587
How to Design and Prototype a User Interface 590
Automated Tools for User Interface Design and Prototyping 590
The User Interface Design Process 592
Where Do You Go from Here？ 597
PART FOUR BEYOND SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 603
CHAPTER16 Systems Construction and Implementation 604
SoundStage Entertainment Club 606
What Is Systems Construction and Implementation？ 607
The Construction Phase 607
Task6.1-Build and Test Networks（If Necessary） 607
Task6.2-Build and Test Databases 609
Task6.3-Install and Test New Software Packages（If Necessary） 609
Task6.4-Write and Test New Programs 609
The Implementation Phase 611
Task7.1-Conduct System Test 612
Task7.2-Prepare Conversion Plan 612
Task7.3-Install Databases 615
Task7.4-Train Users 615
Task7.5-Convert to New System 616
Where Do You Go from Here？ 617
CHAPTER17 Systems Operations and Support 622
SoundStage Entertainment Club 624
The Context of Systems Operation and Support 625
System Maintenance 628
Task8.1.1-Validate the Problem 629
Task8.1.2-Benchmark Program 630
Task8.1.3-Study and Debug the program 631
Task8.1.4-Test the Program 631
System Recovery 632
Technical Support 633
System Obsolescence 633
Task8.4.1-Analyze Enhancement Request 635
Task8.4.2-Make the Quick Fix 635
Task8.4.3-Recover Existing Physical System 636
System Enhancement 638
Where Do You Go from Here？ 638
PART FIVE ADVANCED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 643
MODULE A Object-Oriented Analysis and Modeling 644
An Introduction to Object Modeling 646
System Concepts for Object Modeling 647
Object，Attributes，Methods，and Encapsulation 647
Classes，Generalization，and Specialization 649
Object/Class Relationships 651
Messages 654
Polymorphism 654
The UML Diagrams 655
The Process of Object Modeling 656
Modeling the Functional Description of the System 656
Finding and Identifying the Business Objects 659
Organizing the Objects and Identifying Their Associations 661
Modeling the Behavior of the Objects 668
Where Do You Go from Here？ 668
MODULE B Object-Oriented Design and Modeling 674
An Introduction to Object-Oriented Design 676
Design Objects 676
Object Responsibilities 677
Object Reusability 677
The Process of Object-Oriented Design 678
Refining the Use-Case Model to Reflect the Implementation Environment 678
Modeling Object Interaction and Behaviors that Support the Use-Case Scenario 679
Updation the Object Model to Reflect the Imptementation Environment 687
Additional UML Design and Implementation Diagrams 687
Where Do You Go from Here？ 692
Glossary/Index 695