Chapter 1 Scaling Large Internetworks 1
Internetworks 2
Clearing Up Network Congestion 3
Segmentation with a Bridge 4
Segmentation with a Router 5
Segmentation with LAN Switches 6
The Cisco Three-Layer Model 7
The Core Layer 9
The Distribution Layer 10
The Access Layer 10
Requirements of the Scalable Internetwork 11
Reliability and Availability 12
Responsiveness 12
Efficiency 13
Accessibility and Security 14
Adaptability 14
Summary 15
Key Terms 15
Written Lab 16
Review Questions 16
Answers to Written Lab 19
Answers to Review Questions 20
Chapter 2 Routing Principles 23
Fundamentals of Routing 24
Routing Tables 25
Administrative Distances 26
Packet Switching 27
Dynamic Routing 27
Routing Protocols 28
Classful Routing 29
Classless Routing 30
Distance-Vector Protocols 31
RIP 32
IGRP 35
Link-State Routing Protocols 36
Convergence 38
RIP Convergence 38
IGRP Convergence 39
EIGRP Convergence 40
OSPF Convergence 40
Summary 41
Key Terms 41
Written Lab 41
Review Questions 42
Answer to Written Lab 45
Answers to Review Questions 46
Chapter 3 IP Addressing 49
Review of IP Addressing 50
IP Terminology 51
The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme 51
Extending IP Addresses 56
Variable-Length Subnet Masks 57
Classless Interdomain Routing 63
Route Summarization 64
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion Chart 70
Summary 72
Key Terms 72
Commands Used in This Chapter 73
Written Lab 73
Design Requirements 73
Solution to Written Exercise 74
Using IP Unnumbered 77
Hands-on Lab 77
Review Questions 78
Answers to Review Questions 81
Chapter 4 OSPF Areas 85
Open Shortest Path First 86
OSPF Terminology 86
OSPF Operation 88
LSA Flooding 94
SPF Tree Calculation 97
OSPF Metrics 97
NBMA Overview 97
NBMA Environments 98
Broadcast 98
Point-to-Multipoint 99
Non-broadcast 99
Point-to-Point 99
Configuring OSPF 100
Discovering the Network with OSPF 100
Configuring OSPF--Single Area 103
Configuring OSPF--Single Area (NBMA Environment) 106
Verifying OSPF Configuration 110
Summary 113
Key Terms 113
Written Lab 113
Hands-on Lab 114
Answer to Lab 4*1 115
Answer to Lab 4*2 115
Answer to Lab 4*3 116
Review Questions 118
Answers to Review Questions 121
Answers to Written Lab 121
Chapter 5 Interconnecting OSPF Areas 123
OSPF Scalability 124
Categories of Multi-area Components 126
OSPF Router Roles 126
Link State Advertisements 127
OSPF Area Types 128
Basic Multi-area Configuration 129
Stub Area Configuration 130
RouterB 131
RouterC 132
RouterD 132
Totally Stubby Area Configuration 133
RouterD 134
RouterB 134
RouterC 134
Not-So-Stubby Area Configuration 135
RouterA 135
RouterB 135
RouterC 136
RouterD 136
OSPF Virtual Links 138
Monitoring and Troubleshooting Multi-area OSPF Networks 141
Summary 141
Key Terms 142
Written Lab 142
Solution 142
Hands-on Lab 144
Solution 144
Review Questions 147
Answers to Review Questions 150
Chapter 6 IGRP and EIGRP 153
Scalability Features of Routing Protocols 154
Distance-Vector Protocol Scalability Issues 155
Scalability Limitations of Link-State Routing Protocols 156
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol 157
IGRP Features and Operation 157
IGRP Metrics 158
Redistribution Limitations 161
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol 161
Route Tagging 162
Neighbor Relationships 162
Route Calculation 163
EIGRP Metrics 167
EIGRP Tuning 168
Configuring EIGRP 168
Load Balancing 169
Route Redistribution 171
Troubleshooting EIGRP 173
Summary 174
Key Terms 174
Commands Used in This Chapter 175
Written Lab 175
Hands-on Lab 176
Review Questions 177
Answers to Written Lab 180
Answers to Review Questions 181
Chapter 7 BGP′s Basic Components 183
Autonomous Systems 185
Stub AS 187
BGP Peers 189
iBGP 189
Transit AS 189
eBGP 190
Routing Protocols 191
Distance-Vector Protocols 192
Link-State Routing Protocols 193
When to Use and When Not to Use BGP 195
Ingress Filtering 196
BGP Update Messages 196
BPG Common Header 198
Marker 198
Length 198
Type 198
NOTIFICATION Message 206
Network Layer Reachability Information 206
KEEPALIVE Message 208
Summary 209
Key Terms 209
Written Lab 210
Review Questions 210
Answers to Written Lab 213
Answers to Review Questions 214
Chapter 8 Configuring Basic BGP 217
Minimal Configuration 218
Verifying BGP Configurations 222
Configuring BGP Route-Selection Attributes 223
Troubleshooting BGP 227
Summary 231
Key Terms 231
Commands Used in This Chapter 232
Written Lab 233
Hands-on Lab 233
Review Questions 234
Answers to Written Lab 238
Answers to Review Questions 238
Chapter 9 BGP Scalability and Advanced Features 241
Filters 242
Creating BGP Policies 244
Distribute Lists 244
Prefix Lists 244
Route Maps 248
Route Reflectors 250
Configuring a Route Reflector 252
Confederations 254
Peer Groups and Communities 256
Peer Groups 257
Multi-homing 258
Summary 261
Key Terms 261
Written Lab 261
Hands-on Lab 262
Review Questions 265
Answers to Written Lab 268
Answers to Review Questions 268
Chapter 10 Route Optimization 271
Route Redistribution 272
Routing Protocol Metrics 274
OSPF 275
IGRP 275
Configuring Route Redistribution 277
EIGRP 277
EIGRP and IGRP Route Redistribution 279
EIGRP and OSPF Route Redistribution 280
Verifying and Troubleshooting Route Redistribution 280
Advanced Redistribution 281
Protocol-Specific Metrics 282
Route-Specific Metrics 282
Filtering Routes 283
Using the Null0 Interface 285
Static, Connected, and Default Routes 286
Route Maps 287
Policy-Routing TCP Services 288
Policy Routing Subnets 290
Summary 291
Solution 292
Written Lab 292
Key Terms 292
Hands-on Lab 293
Solution 293
Review Questions 295
Answers to Review Questions 298
Appendix A Practice Exam 301
Answers to Practice Exam 310
Appendix B Commands in This Study Guide 315
Appendix C Route Summarization 319
Route Summarization for OSPF 320
Route Summarization for EIGRP 321
Route Summarization for BGP 322
Advertising Networks into BGP 322
Glossary 325