1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Subject Matter 1
1.2 The Protection Provided 2
1.3 Justification 2
1.4 Sources of Law 3
Summary 4
Part Ⅰ PATENTS AND CONFTDENTIAL INFORMATION 7
2.2 Historical Background 7
2.1 What is a Patent? 7
2 Patents 7
2.3 Why are Patents Granted? 8
Preface 8
2.4 The Patent System 9
Table of Cases 10
2.5 The International Patent System 11
2.6 The Future of Patents 12
Summary 13
Exercises 13
3 Patentability(1) 14
3.1 Introduction 14
3.2 Exclusions from Patentability 14
3.3 Novelty and Publication 18
Table of Statutes 19
3.4 Novelty and Earlier Application 20
Table of Statutory Instruments 20
Table of European and International Legislation 21
3.5 Novelty and Use 22
Summary 26
Exercises 27
4.1 Inventive Step 28
4 Patentability(2) 28
Summary 32
Exercises 32
4.2 Industrial Application 32
5 Ownership 33
5.1 Introduction 33
5.2 Who Can Apply? 33
5.3 The Inventor 34
5.4 Employee Patents 34
5.5 Employee Compensation 37
5.6 Dealings in Patents 38
Summary 39
Exercises 40
6.1 Introduction 41
6.2 Acts of Infringement 41
6 Protecting the Patent 41
6.3 The Significance of the Claims 42
6.4 Interpretation of the Claims 42
6.5 Has There Been Infringement? 43
6.6 Defences 46
6.7 Remedies 48
6.8 Criminal Offences 49
6.9 Groundless Threats of Infringement 49
Summary 51
Exercises 51
7 Breach of Confidence 53
7.1 Introduction 53
7.2 Historical Background 54
7.3 The Basic Requirements 54
7.4 The Necessary Quality of Confidence 55
7.5 The Obligation of Confidence 58
7.6 Unauthorised Use of the Information 62
7.7 Defences 63
7.8 Remedies 65
Summary 66
Exercises 67
Part Ⅱ TRADE MARKS AND PASSING OFF 71
8 Trade Marks 71
8.1 Introduction 71
8.2 What is a Trade Mark? 71
8.3 Possible Functions of Trade Marks 72
8.4 Historical Background 73
8.5 Background to the Trade Marks Act 1994 74
8.6 Conclusion 76
Summary 76
Exercises 77
9 Registration of Trade Marks 78
9.1 Introduction 78
9.2 The Application Process 78
9.3 What is a Registrable Trade Mark? 79
9.4 Conditions for Registration 84
9.5 Absolute Grounds for Refusal 86
9.6 Relative Grounds for Refusal 90
9.7 Maintaining Registration 92
9.8 Special Marks 94
Summary 95
Exercises 96
10 Protection of Trade Marks 97
10.1 Rights of the Trade Mark Owner 97
10.2 When is the Trade Mark Infringed? 98
10.3 Remedies 104
10.4 Exceptions and Defences 105
10.5 Groundless Threats 106
10.6 Criminal Offences 106
10.7 Dealings in Trade Marks 107
Summary 108
Exercises 108
11 Passing Off 109
11.1 Introduction 109
11.2 The Difference between Trade Mark Infringement and Passing Off 109
11.3 Historical Background 110
11.4 The Requirements of a Passing Off Action 111
11.5 The Plaintiff s Goodwill 112
11.6 Misrepresentation 113
11.7 Damage 117
11.9 Injurious Falsehood 119
11.8 Domain Names 119
11.10 Remedies 121
Summary 121
Exercises 122
12 Character Merchandising 123
12.1 Introduction 123
12.2 Character Merchandising and Defamation 123
12.3 Character Merchandising and Copyright 124
12.4 Character Merchandising and Registered Trade Marks 125
12.5 Character Merchandising and Passing Off 125
Summary 128
Exercise 129
13 Trade Marks-International Provisions 130
13.1 Introduction 130
13.2 Paris Convention 130
13.3 Madrid Agreement 131
13.5 Community Trade Mark System(CTM) 133
13.4 Madrid Protocol 133
Summary 135
Exercises 136
Part Ⅲ COPYRIGHT AND DESIGNS 139
14 Copyright 139
14.1 What is Copyright? 139
14.2 Historical Background 140
14.3 The Need for Change? 141
Summary 142
Exercises 142
15 Subsistence(1) 143
15.1 The Subject Matter Protected 143
15.2 Literary Works 143
15.3 Dramatic Works 145
15.4 Musical Works 146
15.5 Artistic Works 147
Summary 148
Exercise 149
16 Subsistence(2) 150
16.1 Sound Recordings 150
16.2 Films 150
16.3 Broadcasts 151
16.4 Cable Programmes 151
16.5 Published Editions 152
Summary 152
Exercise 153
17 Infringement 154
17.1 Introduction 154
17.2 Copying 156
17.3 Issuing Copies,Performances in Public and Broadcasting 158
17.4 Adaptation 158
17.6 Secondary Infringement 159
17.5 Rental Right 159
17.7 Infringing Copy 160
17.8 Remedies 161
17.9 Criminal Offences 162
Summary 162
Exercises 163
18 Defences 164
18.1 Introduction 164
18.2 Acts Permitted by Licence 165
18.3 Permitted Acts 165
18.4 Public Interest Defence 173
18.5 Competition or Euro Defence 173
Summary 173
Exercise 174
19.2 Ownership of Copyright 175
19.1 Introduction 175
19 Ownership and Duration of Copyright and Moral Rights 175
19.3 Paternity Right 177
19.4 Right to Object to Derogatory Treatment 178
19.5 False Attribution 178
19.6 Rights of Privacy in Photographs and Films 178
19.7 Dealings in Copyright and Moral Rights 179
19.8 Duration of Copyright and Moral Rights 179
Summary 181
Exercises 181
20 Database Rights 183
20.1 Introduction 183
20.2 Subsistence and Duration 183
20.3 Ownership and Dealings 185
20.4 Infringement,Defences and Remedies 185
Exercise 187
Summary 187
21 Performance Rights 188
21.1 Introduction 188
21.2 Performers and Persons Having Recording Rights 189
21.3 Nature of Performance and Recording Rights 190
21.4 Defences and Exceptions 192
21.5 Criminal Offences 193
21.6 Remedies and Penalties 194
Summary 195
Exercise 195
22 Registered Designs 196
22.1 Introduction 196
22.2 What is Registrable? 196
22.3 Ownership and Registration Procedure 198
22.4 Compulsory Licences and Crown Rights 199
22.5 Infringement 199
22.6 Remedies 200
22.7 Criminal Offences 201
22.8 International Provisions 202
Summary 203
Exercises 203
23 Unregistered Designs 204
23.1 What Does Unregistered Design Right Protect? 204
23.2 Creation,Ownership and Duration 207
23.3 Infringement 209
23.4 Remedies and Defences 210
23.5 Groundless Threats 212
23.6 Semiconductor Topography Design Rights 212
Summary 214
Exercise 214
23.2 United Kingdom Competition Law and Intellectual Property 217
24.1 Introduction 217
24 Intellectual Property and Competition Law 217
Part Ⅳ COMPETITION 217
24.3 EC Competition Law and Intellectual Property 218
24.4 Intellectual Property and Free Movement of Goods 218
24.5 Licensing and Article 81 222
24.6 Block Exemption Regulations 223
24.7 Intellectual Property and Article 82 224
Summary 226
Exercises 226
Part Ⅴ INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND THE INTERNET 229
25 The Internet 229
25.1 Introduction 229
25.2 Copyright and the Internet 229
25.3 The Copyright Directive 231
25.4 Trade Marks and the Internet 232
25.5 Patents and the Internet 233
Summary 234
Exercise 234
Part Ⅵ FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 237
26 The Future of Intellectual Property 237
26.1 Introduction 237
26.2 Patents and Utility Models 237
26.3 Trade Marks 238
26.4 Copyright 239
26.5 Designs 241
26.6 Trade Related Intellectual Property 242
Summary 244
Exercises 245
Bibliography 246
Index 248