BEIJING CHARTER 1
CHARTE DE BEIJING 15
CARTA DE BEIJING 31
ПЕКИНСКАЯХАРТИЯ 47
ANNOTATIONS TO THE BEIJING CHARTER 63
Ⅰ UNDERSTANDING THE TIME:THE GENERAL TREND OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION 65
1 The 20th Century:An Age of“Great Development”and“Immense Devastation” 65
2 The 21st Century:The Great Turn 71
Ⅱ FACING THE CHALLENGES:THE CRUCIAL TOPICS AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE 76
1 A Complex Situation 76
2 A Common Choice 89
Ⅲ FROM TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE TO A GENERAL THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 97
1 Three Premises 97
2 The Theoretical Structure of a General Theory of Architecture 100
3 Towards a Trinity:Integration of Architecture,Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning 105
4 A Re-cycling System:An Architecture Focusing on Human Settlements and the Environment 107
5 Multi-Level Technological Structuring and the Integration of Technology and Humanism 109
6 Cultural Diversity:To Construct a“Global-Local”Architecture 114
7 A General Environmental Art 122
8 Architecture for the Whole Society 127
9 Comprehensive Education 131
10 The Methodology of a General Theory of Architecture 135
Ⅳ A PRIMARY CONCLUSION:ALL PATHWAYS TOWARDS A COMMON DESTINATION 137
KEYNOTE SPEECH Looking Forward to Architecture of the New Millenium 147
1 An Outstanding Century of Architecture 149
2 Apparent Crises 151
3 Roadmap to the Next Century 153
4 Towards an Integral Architecture 156
5 Our Common Mission:A Better Habitat and A Better Society 161
POSTSCRIPT 165
1 Is the Future Tangible? 167
2 How to Treat the Numerous Schools of Architecture? 168
3 How can We Achieve Concordance While Keep Diversity? 168
4 What will be the Road of BEING Creative? 169
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 171
LIST OF FIGURES 73
Figure 1-1:The changing scale of time and space:Europe reshaped by the railroad network 73
Figure 2-1:The last drop of water on the earth will be that of our tear 78
Figure 2-2:Farmland resources should be preserved,and passed to the future generation for cultivation 79
Figure 2-3:Architect in hungry 79
Figure 2-4:If we would have four earths 80
Figure 2-5:Simple things designers can do to save the earth 81
Figure 2-6:Percentage of urbanization of the world in 1970,1994 and 2025 82
Figure 2-7:Distribution of mega-cities in the world 83
Figure 2-8:A good planning will be the guarantee of a rational urban development 84
Figure 2-9:Cities in the 21st century imagined by Frank E.Paul in 1928 86
Figure 2-10:Canadian version of“America the ugly” 87
Figure 2-11:The protest of the citizens of San Francisco to high-rise buildings 88
Figure 3-1:Charles Jencks'analysis on the development of late-modern architecture since the 1960s 101
Figure 3-2:The language of architecture must be that of the public 102
Figure 3-3:Sculpture,architecture or city? 103
Figure 3-4:From traditional architecture to integral architecture 104
Figure 3-5:Spatial structure of Changshu 107
Figure 3-6:Architectural works of Charles Correa 111
Figure 3-7:So-called“Biological Tower”designed by Ken Yeang 112
Figure 3-8:Eden Project designed by Nicolas Grimshaw 112
Figure 3-9:Town Hall in S？yn？tsalo designed by Alvar Aalto 113
Figure 3-10:I.M.Pei's design for the Museum of Miho shows his persistent pursuit for the oriental aesthetics with the modern technologies 117
Figure 3-11:Museum of Roman Art in Mérida designed by Jose Rafael Moneo 118
Figure 3-12:Different pathways towards a common destination 121
Figure 3-13:Architectural creations with accordance to the existing urban tissue 124
Figure 3-14:Tragedy of contemporary architectural education? 133
Figure 4-1:Exploration for the diverse pathways to the future development of architecture 138