1 Your Future and Computer Competency 2
Information Systems 4
People 6
Software 7
System Software 7
Application Software 7
Hardware 9
Types of Computers 9
Microcomputer Hardware 10
Data 12
Connectivity and the Internet 13
A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 14
VISUAL SUMMARY 16
KEY TERMS 18
CHAPTER REVIEW 18
REVIEWING CONCEPTS 21
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 22
ON THE WEB EXERCISES 23
2 Application Software 24
Help 26
Menus 26
Toolbars 26
General-Purpose Applications 26
Windows 26
Word Processors 28
Features 28
Case 29
Spreadsheets 30
Features 30
Case 31
Database Management Systems 32
Features 32
Case 33
Features 34
Presentation Graphics 34
Case 35
Software Suites 36
Object Linking and Embedding 36
Case 36
Integrated Packages 38
A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 39
VISUAL SUMMARY 40
KEY TERMS 43
CHAPTER REVIEW 43
REVIEWING CONCEPTS 45
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 46
ON THE WEB EXERCISES 47
3 Browsers,Information Managers,Operating Systems,and Utilities 48
Browsers 50
Navigating the Web 50
Finding Information 51
Communicating 51
Personal Information Managers 52
Calendar 53
Contacts 53
Tasks 54
System Software 54
Windows 55
Operating Systems 55
Mac OS 56
Unix 57
Utilities 58
Windows Utilities 58
Utility Suites 60
A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 61
VISUAL SUMMARY 62
KEY TERMS 64
CHAPTER REVIEW 64
REVIEWING CONCEPTS 66
ON THE WEB EXERCISES 67
4 The System Unit 68
Electronic Data and Instructions 70
Binary Coding Schemes 70
System Board 72
Microprocessor 73
Control Unit 73
Arithmetic-Logic Unit 73
Microprocessor Chips 73
Memory 74
RAM 74
CMOS 76
ROM 76
System Clock 77
Expansion Slots and Cards 77
Making IT Work for You:TV Tuner Cards and Video Clips 78
Bus Lines 80
Ports and Cables 81
A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 83
VISUAL SUMMARY 84
KEY TERMS 87
CHAPTER REVIEW 87
REVIEWING CONCEPTS 89
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 90
ON THE WEB EXERCISES 91
5 Input and Output 92
Input:Keyboard versus Direct Entry 94
Keyboard Entry 94
Keyboards 94
Terminals 95
Direct Entry 96
Pointing Devices 96
Scanning Devices 98
Voica-Input Devices 102
Making IT Work for You:Voice Recognition Systems and Dictating a Paper 102
Standards 105
Output:Monltors,Printers,Plotters,Voice 105
Monitors 105
Cathode-Ray Tubes 106
Flat-Panel Monitors 106
Printers 107
Ink-Jet Printer 107
Laser Printer 107
Thermal Printer 108
Other Printers 108
Electrostatic Plotter 109
Ink-Jet Plotter 109
Pen Plotter 109
Plotters 109
Direct-Imaging Plotter 110
Voice-Output Devices 110
A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 111
VISUAL SUMMARY 112
KEY TERMS 115
CHAPTER REVIEW 115
REVIEWING CONCEPTS 118
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 118
ON THE WEB EXERCISES 119
6 Secondary Storage 120
Floppy Disks 122
Today s Standard 122
Tommorrow s Standard Floppy Disk 122
The Parts of a Floppy Disk 123
Hard Disks 124
Internal Hard Disk 124
Hard-Disk Cartridges 125
Hard-Disk Packs 125
Performance Enhancements 127
Optical Disks 128
Compact Disc 128
Making IT Work for You:CD-R Drives and Music from the Internet 130
Digital Versatile Disc 130
Magnetic Tape 132
Magnetic Tape Streamers 133
Magnetic Tape Reels 133
A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 135
VISUAL SUMMARY 136
KEY TERMS 138
CHAPTER REVIEW 138
REVIEWING CONCEPTS 140
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 140
ON THE WEB EXERCISES 141
7 Communications and Connectivity 142
Communications and Connectivity 144
Fax Machines 144
E-Mail 144
Voice-Messaging Systems 145
Videoconferencing Systems 145
Shared Resou?es 145
Online Services 146
User Connection 147
Modems 147
Types of Modems 148
Types of Connections 148
Telephone Lines 149
Communications Channels 149
Coaxial Cable 150
Fiber-Optic Cable 150
Microwave 150
Satellite 150
Data Transmission 151
Bandwidth 151
Serial and Parallel Transmission 152
Direction of Data Transmission 152
Modes of Data Transmission 153
Protocols 153
Terms 154
Network Architecture 154
Configurations 155
Strategies 157
Network Types 158
Local Area Networks 160
Making IT Work for You:Home Networking 160
Metropolitan Area Networks 162
Wide Area Networks 162
A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 163
VISUAL SUMMARY 164
REVIEWING CONCEPTS 169
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 170
ON THE WEB EXERCISES 171
8 The Internet and the Web 172
Shopping 174
Communicating 174
Researching 174
Entertainment 174
Internet Applications 174
Providers 175
Access 175
Connections 176
TCP/IP 177
E-Mail 178
Basic Elements 178
Addresses 179
Discussion Groups 180
Mailing Lists 180
Newsgroups 181
Chat Groups 181
Instant Messaging 182
Making IT Work for you:Instant Messaging 182
Terms 184
Electronic Commerce 184
Web Storefronts 184
Web Auctions 185
Telnet 186
Internet Services 186
FTP 186
Electronic Payment 186
Browsers 187
The Web 187
Uniform Resource Locators 187
Gopher 187
Web Portals 188
Web Pages 188
Indekes 189
Applets and Java 189
Search Tools 189
Search Engines 190
Web Utilities 191
Plug-Ins 191
Helper Applications 191
Organizational Internets:Intranets and Extranets 194
Intranets 194
Extranets 194
Firewalls 194
A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 195
VISUAL SUMMARY 196
KEY TERMS 199
CHAPTER REVIEW 200
REVIEWING CONCEPTS 202
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 202
ON THE WEB EXERCISES 203
9 Multimedia,Web Authorship,and More 204
Multimedia 206
Links and Buttons 206
Story Boards 206
Multimedia Authoring Programs 207
Web Site Design 208
Web Authoring 208
Web Authoring Programs 208
Graphics Programs 209
Desktop Publishing 209
Image Editors 210
Illustration Programs 210
Graphics Suites 210
Virtual Reality 211
Virtual Reality Authoring Programs 212
VRML 212
Applications 212
Artificial Intelligence 213
Knowledge-Based(Expert Systems) 213
Robotics 214
Project Management 215
Project Managers 215
PERT Charts 216
Gantt Charts 216
A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 217
VISUAL SUMMARY 218
KEY TERMS 221
CHAPTER REVIEW 221
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 223
REVIEWING CONCEPTS 223
ON THE WEB EXERCISES 224
10 Privacy,Security,Ergonomics,and the Environment 226
Privacy 228
Large Databases 228
Private Networks 229
The Internet and the Web 229
Major Laws in Privacy 230
Security 232
Threats to Computer Security 233
Measures to Protect Computer Security 236
Ergonomics 239
Physical Health 239
Mental Health 241
Design 241
The Environment 242
The Green PC 243
Personal Responsibility 243
A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 245
VISUAL SUMMARY 246
CHAPTER REVIEW 248
KEY TERMS 248
REVIEWING CONCEPTS 250
ON THE WEB EXERCISES 251
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 251
11 Databases 252
Key Field 254
Data Organization 254
Batch versus Real-Time Processing 254
Data Flies 254
Master Versus Transaction Files 255
File Organization 255
Need for Databases 258
Database 258
Database Management 258
DBMS Organization 259
Hierarchical Database 259
Relational Database 260
Network Database 260
Object-Oriented Database 262
Individual 263
Types of Databases 263
Company or Shared 263
Distributed 263
Proprietary 264
Strategic Uses 265
Database Uses and Issues 265
Security 265
Database Administrator 266
A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 267
CHAPTER REVIEW 267
KEY TERMS 267
VISUAL SUMMARY 268
KEY TERMS 271
CHAPTER REVIEW 271
REVIEWING CONCEPTS 273
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 274
ON THE WEB EXERCISES 275
12 Information Systems 276
Management Levels 278
Organizational Information Flow 278
Functions 278
Information Flow 280
Computer-Based Information Systems 281
Transaction Processing Systems 282
Management Information Systems 284
Decision Support Systems 284
Executive Support Systems 286
Other Information Systems 287
A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 289
VISUAL SUMMARY 290
KEY TERMS 292
CHAPTER REVIEW 292
REVIEWING CONCEPTS 294
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 295
ON THE WEB EXERCISES 297
13 Systems Analysis and Design 298
Systems Analysis and Design 300
Phase1:Preliminary Investigation 301
Defining the Problem 302
Suggesting Alternative Systems 302
Preparing a Short Report 303
Phase 2:Analysis 303
Gathering Data 303
Analyzing the Data 304
Documenting Systems Analysis 307
Phase 3:Design 307
Designing Alternative Systems 308
Selecting the Best System 308
Writing the Systems Design Report 308
Phase 4:Development 308
Developing Software 309
Acquiring Hardware 309
Testing the New System 310
Phase 5:Implementation 310
Types of Conversion 310
Training 311
Phase 6:Maintenance 312
RAD 313
Prototyping and RAD 313
Prototyping 313
A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 315
VISUAL SUMMARY 316
KEY TERMS 319
CHAPTER REVIEW 319
REVIEWING CONCEPTS 321
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 322
ON THE WEB EXERCISES 323
14 Programming and Languages 324
Programs and Programming 326
What Is a Program? 326
What Is Programming? 326
Desired Output 327
Input Data 327
Program Objectives 327
Step 1:Program Specification 327
Processing Requirements 328
Program Specifications Document 328
Step 2:Program Design 328
Top-Down Program Design 328
Pseudocode 329
Flowcharts 329
Logic Structures 331
Step3:Program Code 333
The Good Program 333
Which Language? 333
Logic Errors 334
Step 4:Program Test 334
Syntax Errors 334
Testing Process 335
Step 5:Program Documentation 336
Step 6:Program Maintenance 336
Operations 336
Changing Needs 337
CASE and OOP 337
CASE Tools 337
Object-Oriented Software Development 338
Assembly Languages:The Second Generation 339
High-Level Procedural Languages:The Third Generation 339
Machine Languages:The First Generation 339
Generations of Programming Languages 339
Problem-Oriented Languages:The Fourth Generation 341
Natural Languages:The Fifth Generation 342
A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 343
VISUAL SUMMMARY 344
KEY TERMS 347
CHAPTER REVIEW 347
REVIEWING CONCEPTS 349
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 350
ON THE WEB EXERCISES 351
15 Your Future and Information Technology 352
Changing Times 354
New Enterprises 355
New Customer and Supplier Relationships 355
Technology and Organizations 355
New Products 355
Technology and People 356
Cynicism 356
Na？veté 356
Frustration 356
How You Can Be a Winner 357
Stay Current 357
Making IT Work for You:Locating Job Opportunities Online 358
Maintain Your Commputer Competence 360
Develop Professional Contacts 360
Develop Specialties 360
Be Alert for Organizational Change 361
Look for Innovative Opportunities 361
Technical Writer 362
Programmer 362
Network Manager 362
Consider a Career in Information Systems 362
Database Administrator 362
Webmaster 362
Systems Anatlyst 362
Computer Trainer 363
A LOOK TO THE FUTURE 363
VISUAL SUMMARY 364
KEY TERMS 366
CHAPTER REVIEW 366
REVIEWING CONCEPTS 367
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 368
ON THE WEB EXERCISES 369