1.General Aspects of Electric Power Systems 1
1.1 Brief Survey of Power System Analysis and Operation 1
1.2 Active Power Transmission using Elementary Models 3
1.3 Reactive Power Transmission using Elementary Models 6
1.4 Difficulties with Reactive Power Transmission 9
1.5 Short Circuit Capacity,Short Circuit Ratio,and Voltage Regulation 13
References 16
2.What is Voltage Stability? 17
2.1 Voltage Stability,Voltage Collapse,and Voltage Security 17
2.2 Time Frames for Voltage Instability,Mechanisms 19
2.3 Relation of Voltage Stability to Rotor Angle Stability 24
2.4 Voltage Instability in Mature Power Systems 26
2.5 Introduction to Voltage Stability Analysis:P-V Curves 27
2.6 Introduction to Voltage Stability Analysis:V-Q Curves 31
2.7 Graphical Explanation of Longer-Term Voltage Stability 34
2.8 Summary 38
References 39
3.Transmission System Reactive Power Compensation and Control 41
3.1 Transmission System Characteristies 41
3.2 Series Capacitors 48
3.3 Shunt Capacitor Banks and Shunt Reactors 51
3.4 Static Var Systems 53
3.5 Comparisons between Series and Shunt Compensation 59
3.6 Synchronous Condensers 61
3.7 Transmission Network LTC Transformers 63
References 64
4.Power System Loads 67
4.1 Overview of Subtransmission and Distribution Networks 67
4.2 Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Load Components 72
4.3 Reactive Compensation of Loads 92
4.4 LTC Transformers and Distribution Voltage Regulators 94
References 105
5.Generation Characteristics 109
5.1 Generator Reactive Power Capability 109
5.2 Generator Control and Protection 117
5.3 System Response to Power Impacts 122
5.4 Power Plant Response 127
5.5 Automatic Generation Control(AGC) 129
References 135
6.1 Equivalent System 1:Steady-State Simulation 139
6.Simulation of Equivalent Systems 139
6.2 Equivalent System 1:Dynamic Simulation 142
6.3 Equivalent System 2:Steady-State Simulation 146
6.4 Equivalent System 2:Dynamic Simulation 154
References 156
7.Voltage Stability of a Large System 159
7.1 System Description 160
7.2 Load Modeling and Testing 161
7.3 Power Flow Analysis 166
7.4 Dynamic Performance Including Undervoltage Load Shedding 170
7.5 Automatic Control of Mechanically Switched Capacitors 174
References 179
8.Voltage Stability with HVDC Links 181
8.1 Basic Equations for HVDC 183
8.2 HVDC Operation 187
8.3 Voltage Collapse 191
8.4 Voltage Stability Concepts Based on Short Circuit Ratio 192
8.5 Power System Dynamic Performance 199
References 200
9.1 Reliability Criteria 203
9.Power System Planning and Operating Guidelines 203
9.2 Solutions:Generation System 208
9.3 Solutions:Transmission System 210
9.4 Solutions:Distribution and Load Systems 215
9.5 Power System Operation 218
9.6 Summary:the Voltage Stability Challenge 221
References 221
Appendices 225
A.Notes on the Per Unit System 225
B.1 The Nodal Admittance Matrix 229
B.Voltage Stability and the Power Flow Problem 229
B.2 The Newton-Raphson method 231
B.3 Modal Analysis of Power Flow Model 236
B.4 Fast Decoupled Methods 239
B.5 Power Flow Analysis for Voltage Stability 240
B.6 Voltage Stability Static Indices and Research Areas 240
References 242
C.Power Flow Simulation Methodology 245
D.Dynamic Analysis Methods for Longer-Term Voltage Stability 251
E.Equivalent System 2 Data 257
F.Voltage Instability Incidents 261
Index 271