Ⅰ.The Elements 1
1.Thesis 1
2.Unity 9
3.Organization 25
4.Beginnings and Endings 50
5.Paragraphs 63
6.Transitions 77
7.Effective Sentences 93
8.Language Level 102
Ⅱ.Patterns of Development 116
1.Illustration 116
2.Narrative 123
3.Description 131
4.Process 137
5.Definition 147
6.Classification and Analysis 154
7.Comparison and Contrast 162
8. Cause and Effect 172
9.Persuasion and Argumentation 187
Ⅲ.Research Writing 197
Ⅳ.Practical Writing 224
1.Applications and Résumés 224
2.Business Reports 230
3.The Variation of Reports in Form and Purpose 257
4.Proposals 289
Ⅴ.Summary Writing（Précis） 303
Bibliography 310