PARTⅠ：BASICPRINCIPLESOFCRIMINALLIABILITY 1
1IntroductiontoCriminalLaw 3
1.1TheScopeofthisBook 3
1.2WhatisCriminalLaw? 4
1.3TheRoleofCriminalLaw 4
1.4WhatConductisCriminal? 5
1.5OtherInfluencesonCriminalLaw 14
1.6TheRealityofCriminalBehaviour 16
HotTopic:ShouldFoxHuntingbemadeIllegal? 17
Summary 18
CaseNotes 19
FurtherReading 19
2.1TheRoleoftheStateinCriminalProceedings 21
2ProceduresandStructuresofCriminalLaw 21
2.2TheRoleoftheJudgeinCriminalProceedings 22
2.3JudgeandJury 24
2.4TheBurdenofProof 26
2.5ClassificationofOffences 29
2.6Punishment 30
2.7ReformoftheLaw 31
2.8TheProposalsforaCriminalCode 31
HotTopic:TheIncreasingRoleoftheJury 33
Summary 35
CaseNotes 36
FurtherReading 37
3TheExternalElements 38
3.1TheElementsofaCriminalOffence 38
3.2DifferentAspectsoftheActusReus 39
3.3LiabilityforOmissions 40
3.4ShouldtheLawPunishOmissions？ 44
3.5TheVoluntaryNatureoftheActusReus 46
3.6Automatism 47
HotTopic:DrugDealersandOmissions 50
Summary 53
CaseNotes 54
FurtherReading 56
4TheMentalElement 57
4.1MentalElementinaCriminalOffence 57
4.2DifferentTypesofMensRea 59
4.3Intention 60
4.4TheMeaningofRecklessness 67
4.5TheMeaningofNegligence 73
4.6TransferredMensRea 74
4.7CoincidenceofActusReusandMensRea 76
4.8 TheCorrespondencePrinciple 78
HotTopic:EuthanasiaandMercyKilling 79
Summary 82
CaseNotes 83
FurtherReading 85
5Causation 87
5.1TheNatureofCausation 87
5.2TheGuidingRuleofCausation 89
5.3 Butfor Causation 89
5.4NovusActusInterveniens 90
5.5TheRelevanceofMensReainQuestionsofCausation 98
5.6ReformofCausation 99
HotTopic:TheSuicidalRapeVictim 99
Summary 100
CaseNotes 101
FurtherReading 103
6StrictandVicariousLiability 104
6.1TheMeaningofStrictLiability 104
6.2TheJustificationsforStrictLiabilityOffences 105
6.3ConstruingStatuteswhichAppeartoImposeStrictLiability 106
6.4TheFutureofStrictLiability 113
6.5AlternativestoStrictLiability 113
6.6VicariousLiability 114
6.7TheCriminalLiabilityofCorporations 117
HotTopic:ReformingCorporateLiability 120
Summary 121
CaseNotes 122
FurtherReading 124
PARTⅡ：OFFENCESAGAINSTTHEPERSON 125
7Assaults 127
7.1CommonLawandStatutoryAssaults 127
7.2CommonAssaultandBattery 127
7.3AssaultOccasioningActualBodilyHarm 132
7.4MaliciousWounding 133
7.5WoundingwithIntent 136
7.6MaliciouslyAdministeringPoison 137
7.7Consent 140
7.8ChastisementofChildren 146
7.9AssaultwithIntenttoRob 146
7.10AssaultwithIntenttoResistArrest 147
7.11AssaultwithIntenttoRape 147
7.12Assaulting,ResistingandWilfullyObstructingaPoliceConstable 147
7.13ProtectionfromHarassmentAct1997 149
7.14RaciallyAggravatedAssaults 154
7.15ReformofOffencesAgainstthePerson 156
HotTopic:TheLimitsofPreventingHarassment 157
Summary 158
CaseNotes 160
FurtherReading 163
8SexualOffences 164
8.1TheScopeofSexualOffences 164
8.2Rape 165
8.3IndecentAssault 174
8.4UnlawfulSexualIntercourse 176
8.5SexualOffences(Amendment)Act2000 177
8.6OtherSexualOffences 179
HotTopic: DateRape 180
Summary 181
CaseNotes 182
FurtherReading 183
9Murder 184
9.1Homicide 184
9.2TheActusReusofMurder 186
9.3TheMensReaofMurder 188
9.4IntentioninMurder 191
9.5TheRelevanceoftheMandatoryLifeSentence 192
HotTopic:TheLegalStatusoftheUnbornChild 193
Summary 195
CaseNotes 195
FurtherReading 198
10Manslanghter 199
10.1DistinguishingVoluntaryandInvoluntaryManslaughter 199
10.2ConstructiveManslaughter 200
10.3GrossNegligenceManslaughter 204
10.4RecklessManslaughter 206
10.5KillingwhileDriving 207
10.6CriticismsofandReformofInvoluntaryManslaughter 208
10.7VoluntaryManslaughter 210
10.8Provocation 211
10.9DiminishedResponsibility 218
10.10SuicidePact 221
10.11Infanticide 221
HotTopic:BatteredWomen 222
Summary 225
CaseNotes 226
FurtherReading 229
PARTⅢ:OFFENCESAGAINSTPROPERTY 231
11.1PropertyOffences 233
11Theft 233
11.2TheDefinitionofTheft 234
11.3Appropriation 235
11.4Property 243
11.5BelongingtoAnother 246
11.6Dishonesty 253
11.7IntentionofPermanentlyDepriving 258
HotTopic:StealingBodies 264
Summary 265
CaseNotes 266
FurtherReading 269
12OffencesConnectedtoTheft 271
12.1Robbery 271
12.3Burglary 273
12.2AssaultwithIntenttoRob 273
12.4AggravatedBurglary 280
12.5HandlingStolenGoods 281
HotTopic:WhyisBurglaryaSpecificOffence? 288
Summary 289
CaseNotes 290
FurtherReading 292
13DeceptionOffences 293
13.1TheDeceptionOffences 293
13.2ObtainingPropertybyDeception 294
13.3ObtainingaPecuniaryAdvantagebyDeception 301
13.4ObtainingServicesbyDeception 303
13.5EvasionofLiabilitybyDeception 304
13.6MakingoffwithoutPayment 308
13.7Forgery 312
HotTopic:OffencesInvolvingChequesandCreditCards 313
Summary 317
CaseNotes 318
FurtherReading 320
14OtherOffencesagainstProperty 321
14.1CriminalDamage 321
14.2Blackmail 327
14.3TakingaConveyance 331
14.4AggravatedVehicle-taking 335
14.5ComputerCrime 336
14.6PossessionOffences 341
HotTopic:TheGMCropProtesters 342
Summary 344
CaseNotes 345
FurtherReading 346
PARTⅣ:DEFENCES 347
15.1Defences 349
15DenialofElementsofOfftences 349
15.2ExemptionsfromLiability 351
15.3DenialofActusReus 359
15.4DenialofMensRea 366
HotTopic:MistakesandSelf-defence 375
Summary 377
CaseNotes 378
FurtherReading 381
16GeneralDefences 383
16.1JustificationsandExcuses 383
16.2DuressbyThreats 386
16.3DuressofCircumstances 395
16.5Self-defenceandDuressofCircumstances 396
16.4Coercion 396
16.6Necessity 397
16.7SuperiorOrders 401
HotTopic:TheConjoinedTwins 401
Summary 404
CaseNotes 404
FurtherReading 406
PARTⅤ:PARTICIPATIONINCRIME 407
17Accessories 409
17.1WhatisanAccessory? 409
17.2PrincipalsandtheDoctrineofInnocentAgency 410
17.3Aiding,Abetting,CounsellingandProcuring 412
17.4TheMensReaofBeinganAccomplice 415
17.5CriticismsoftheLawontheAccessorialMensReaRequirement 421
17.6PresenceofAccessory 422
17.7ProvidingEquipment 423
17.8JointEnterprise 424
17.9ActingOutsidetheEnterprise 425
17.10WithdrawalfromEnterprise 426
17.11InteractionbetweenAccompliceLiabilityandPrincipalLiability 427
17.12VictimsasAccomplices 428
17.13AssistanceafteranOffence 428
17.14Reforms 429
HotTopic:WhydowehaveLiabilityforAccessories? 430
Summary 432
CaseNotes 433
FurtherReading 435
18InchoateOffences 437
18.1TheInchoateOffences 437
18.2Incitement 438
18.3Conspiracy 443
18.4Attempt 450
HotTopic:IncitementandFreeSpeech 460
Summary 461
CaseNotes 461
FurtherReading 463
19TheHnmanRightsActandCriminalLaw 465
19.1TheHumanRightsAct1998 465
19.2WhatRightsareProtectedbytheAct? 467
19.3AreasoftheLawwhichmaybeAffectedbytheHumanRightsAct 470
Summary 480
CaseNotes 480
FurtherReading 482
Index 483