1.0 Description and History of Process Simulation 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Answers to first questions 1
1.3 History of process simulation 4
1.4 Uses，benefits，and limitations of process simulation 6
1.5 Concepts and terms 9
1.6 Steps in simulation work 10
References 17
2.0 Types of Simulation 19
2.1 Classification of simulation techniques 19
2.2 Steady-state simulation 22
2.3 Dynamic simulation 23
2.4 Other types of simulation 24
2.5 Sequential versus simultaneous solution methods 24
References 25
3.0 Pulp and Paper Steady-state Process Simulators 27
3.1 Unique features of pulp ＆ paper process simulators 27
3.2 Simulators used in the pulp ＆ paper industry 28
3.3 Simulator comparison 29
3.4 Example of simulator comparison 33
4.0 Simple Simulation Example 37
4.1 Three-stage cleaner model 37
4.2 MASSBAL MK Ⅱ cleaner example results 39
5.0 Typical Simulation Example 51
5.1 Paper machine model 51
5.2 FlowCalc results 55
5.3 GEMS results 68
5.4 MAPPS results 78
5.5 MASSBAL MK Ⅱ results 101
5.6 Summary 127
6.0 What to do Now 129
6.1 Steps to initiating a process simulation project 129
6.2 Resources needed for simulation projects 132
6.3 Other process simulation resources 134
6.4 Future directions in process simulation 136
6.4.1 General trends 136
6.4.2 Using personal computers for simulation 137
References 145
Appendix A Computer Program Names 147
Appendix B Organizations Involved in Simulation 149
Appendix C Simulation Terminology 151
Index 165