1 INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE ENVIRONMENT 1
1 Introduction 1
2 Lawmaking Processes and Sources of Law 12
3 Overview 37
2 INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE AND THE FORMULATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY 43
1 Introduction 43
2 The Development of International Environmental Policy 48
3 The UN and Environmental Governance 58
4 Other International Organizations 71
5 International Regulatory Regimes 84
6 Scientific Organizations 99
7 Non- Governmental Organizations 100
8 Conclusions 103
3 RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF STATES CONCERNING PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 106
1 Introduction 106
2 Sustainable Development： Legal Implications 115
3 Principles of Global Environmental Responsibility 128
4 Prevention of Pollution and Environmental Harm 137
5 Conservation and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources 190
6 Military Activities and the Environment 205
7 Conclusions 208
4 INTERSTATE ENFORCEMENT： STATE RESPONSIBILITY， TREATY COMPLIANCE， AND DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 211
1 Introduction 211
2 State Responsibility for Environmental Damage 214
3 Treaty Compliance 237
4 Settlement of International Environmental Disputes 250
5 Conclusions 266
5 NON-STATE ACTORS： ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS， LIABILITY， AND CRIMES 268
1 Introduction 268
2 Human Rights and the Environment 271
3 Transboundary Environmental Rights 303
4 Harmonization of Environmental Liability 316
5 Corporate Environmental Accountability 326
6 Environmental Crimes 329
7 Conclusions 334
6 CLIMATE CHANGE AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION 335
1 Introduction 335
2 Transboundary Air Pollution 342
3 Protecting the Ozone Layer 349
4 The Climate Change Regime 356
5 Conclusions 377
7 THE LAW OF THE SEA AND PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 379
1 Introduction 379
2 Customary Law and the 1982 UNCLOS 386
3 Regional Protection of the Marine Environment 390
4 Marine Pollution from Ships 398
5 Pollution Incidents and Emergencies at Sea 423
6 Responsibility and Liability for Marine Pollution Damage 430
7 Conclusions 441
8 INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES 443
1 Introduction 443
2 International Regulation of Toxic Chemicals 445
3 Protection of the Marine Environment from Toxic Substances 451
4 International Trade in Hazardous Substances 473
5 Conclusions 486
9 NUCLEAR ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 488
1 Introduction 488
2 The International Regulation of Nuclear Energy 492
3 Control of Transboundary Nuclear Risks 508
4 State Responsibility for Nuclear Damage 516
5 Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage 520
6 Conclusions 533
10 INTERNATIONAL WATERCOURSES： ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABLE USE 535
1 Introduction 535
2 Protection of Watercourse Environments 547
3 Regional Cooperation and Environmental Regulation 572
4 Conclusions 580
11 CONSERVATION OF NATURE， ECOSYSTEMS， AND BIODIVERSITY 583
1 Introduction 583
2 Concepts of Nature Conservation and Natural Resources 585
3 The Role of Law in the Protection of Nature 593
4 Codification and Development of International Law on Nature Protection 602
5 The Convention on Biological Diversity 612
6 Conclusions 648
12 CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY AND LAND-BASED SPECIES AND BIODIVERSITY 650
1 Introduction 650
2 Implementation of Principles and Strategies through Conservation Treaties 651
3 Signficance and Effectiveness of the Major Global Wildlife Conventions 671
4 Post-UNCED Instruments for Conservation of Nature and Biodiversity 692
5 The Regional Approach 696
6 Coordination of Conventions and Organs 697
7 Conclusions 698
13 CONSERVATION OF MARINE LIVING RESOURCES AND BIODIVERSITY 702
1 Introduction 702
2 Jurisdiction over Fisheries and Marine Mammals 706
3 The Development of International Fisheries Regimes 711
4 The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 714
5 Post-UNCLOS Developments 730
6 Conservation of Marine Biodiversity 744
7 Conclusions 751
14 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 753
1 Introduction 753
2 The Multilateral Trading System 756
3 Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Trade Restrictions 766
4 Trade Restrictions to Protect Resources beyond National Jurisdiction 769
5 Trade Restrictions to Protect the Domestic Environment 778
6 Pollution Havens： Trade Restrictions to Improve the Environment of Other Countries 788
7 The Export of Hazardous Substances and Wastes 793
8 Environmental Taxes 796
9 The TRIPS Agreement and the Biodiversity Convention 801
10 Conclusions 809
Bibliography 811
Index 833