PART ONE：INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES OF THE AREA 1
Indo-European Languages：An Overview＆by Herbert H．Paper 3
A：Iranian Languages 7
Old Iranian＆by Emile Benveniste 9
Middle Iranian＆by Mark J．Dresden 26
Persian and Tajik＆by Gilbert Lazard 64
Other Iranian Languages＆by Georges Redard 97
B：Armenian 137
Diachronic Armenian＆by Robert Godel 139
Synchronic Armenian＆by M．J．Connolly 160
PART TWO：ALTAIC LANGUAGES 177
Altaic Languages：An Overview＆by John R．Krueger 179
Turkish＆by G．Hazai 183
Irano-Altaistica：Turkish and Mongolian Languages of Persia and Afghanistan＆by Gerhard Doerfer 217
PART THREE：AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES 235
Afroasiatic：An Overview＆by Carleton T．Hodge 237
A：Semitic 255
The Semitic Languages：An Overview＆by Gene M．Schramm 257
Comparative Semitics＆by Edward Ullendorff 261
Akkadian＆by Erica Reiner 274
Hebrew＆by Chaim Rabin 304
Aramaic＆by Eduard Yechezkel Kutscher 347
Classical Arabic＆by Carolyn G．Killean 413
Spoken Arabic＆by Peter F．Abboud 439
Ethiopic and South Arabian＆by Wolf Leslau 467
B：Other Languages 529
Egyptian＆by J．Vergote 531
Coptic＆by H．J．Polotsky 558
Cushitic＆by F．R．Palmer 571
The Berber Languages＆by Joseph R．Applegate 586
PART FOUR：REGIONAL LANGUAGE ISSUES AND STUDIES 663
Regional Language Issues and Studies：An Overview＆by Charles A．Ferguson 665
Iran and Afghanistan＆by Ehsan Yar-Shater 669
Language Education in Arab Countries and the Role of the Academies＆by Salih J．Altoma 690
Language Study in Israel＆by Jacob M．Landau 721
Linguistics and Language Issues in Turkey＆by G．Hazai 746
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 759
INDEX OF LANGUAGE NAMES 767
INDEX OF NAMES 778