1．Geographic Prologue 3
2．Pre-Islamie Politics and Society in the Middle East 10
PART Ⅰ．THE RISE AND SPREAD OF ISLAM 27
3．Muhammad：His Life and Leadership 29
4．The Establishment of the Muslim State 44
5．Islam 58
6．The Spread and Organization of the Muslim Empire under the Umayyads 69
7．The Flowering of the Muslim World under the Abbasids 83
8．Muslim Theology and Law 97
9．Muslim Culture 111
10．The End of Medieval Islam 133
PART Ⅱ．THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 147
11．The Byzantine Empire 149
12．Early Turkish States of Asia Minor 161
13．Ottoman Origins and Early Institutions 171
14．The Winning of the Ottoman Empire 182
15．Building the Ottoman Empire 195
16．Institutions of the Ottoman Empire 208
17．The Ottoman Empire as a World Power 218
18．A Century of Stagnation and Decay 235
19．The Decline and Retreat of the Ottoman Empire 246
PART Ⅲ．EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST 259
20．The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon 261
21．Mahmud Ⅱ—Nationalism and Reform 269
22．Muhammad Ali and the Development of Modern Egypt 279
23．European Ambitions and Diplomacy in the Middle East 295
24．From Tanzimat to the Constitution 315
25．Abdul Hamid Ⅱ and Despotism 325
26．The Young Turks 338
27．Arab Nationalism 350
PART Ⅳ．THE CONTEMPORARY MIDDLE EAST 359
28．Impact of World War I upon the Middle East 361
29．The Middle East at the Paris Peace Conference 376
30．The Turkish Republic under Atatürk 390
31．The Fertile Crescent under the Mandate System 407
32．Palestine and Transjordan 427
33．Egypt and the Sudan 448
34．Shah Reza＇s Iran 464
35．World War Ⅱ and the Middle East 476
36．Turkey Becomes a Democracy 492
37．Iran—Nationalism Versus Imperialism 504
38．Oil and Arabia 524
39．The Arab Crescent and the Arab League 549
40．The Partition of Palestine：Israel and Hashimite Jordan 577
41．The Advent of the Egyptian Republic 608
42．World Interest in the Middle East 644
Index 650