Ⅰ WHAT IS CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY？ 1
Problem 1 Anthropology as a Field of Knowledge 1
Problem 2 Cultural Anthropology 4
Problem 3 Cultural Anthropology as a＂Science＂ 6
Problem 4 The Historical Background 9
Ⅱ CULTURE AND PEOPLE：SOME BASIC CONCEPTS 16
Problem 5 Anthropological Use of the Term＂Culture＂ 17
Problem 6 The Relation of Culture to＂Society＂ 29
Problem 7 Anthropological Use of the Terms＂Personality＂and＂Character＂ 32
Problem 8 The Abstract or＂Construct＂Nature of Such Concepts 35
Problem 9 ＂Civilized＂and＂Nonliterate＂Traditions 44
Problem 10 Cultural Perspectives and Scientific Objectivity 46
Ⅲ CULTURE AND BIOLOGICAL HERITAGE 49
Problem 11 Human Characteristics in Biological Perspective 50
Problem 12 The Distinctiveness of Cultural Behavior 56
Problem 13 The Relation of Constitution to Culture 59
Problem 14 Bodily Variation and Cultural Differences 64
Ⅳ THE GROWTH OF CULTURE 80
Problem 15 Available Evidence on the Distant Past 81
Problem 16 The Main Levels of Cultural Growth 84
Problem 17 Man as Food Gatherer 87
Problem 18 The Genesis of the Food-Producing Revolution 94
Problem 19 The World-Wide Consequences of the Food-Producing Revolution 97
Problem 20 The Machine Age in Cultural Perspective 103
Ⅴ CULTURE IN SPACE 107
Problem 21 The Earth as a Human Habitat 107
Problem 22 The Relation of Habitat to Culture 110
Problem 23 The Geographic Distribution of Culture 115
Problem 24 Cultures in the＂Ethnological Present＂ 122
Ⅵ THEORIES RELATING TO CULTURE，SOCIETY，AND PERSONALITY 138
Problem 25 Cultural and Social Evolutionism 139
Problem 26 Historicalism 145
Problem 27 Diffusionism 148
Problem 28 Functionalism 150
Problem 29 Configurationalism 155
Problem 30 The Relation of Culture to the Individual 162
Problem 31 Interpersonal Relations，or Interaction between Individuals 175
Problem 32 The Rapprochement of Philosophy and Anthropology 178
Ⅶ UNIVERSALS AND ASPECTS OF CULTURE 188
Problem 33 The Universal Patterning of Culture 188
Ⅷ MATERIAL CULTURE 197
Problem 34 Foods and Food Customs of Man 198
Problem 35 Clothing and Personal Adornment 202
Problem 36 Housing and Community Settings 204
Problem 37 Travel and Transportation 209
Problem 38 Tools，Weapons，and Machines 212
Problem 39 Ceramics，Textiles，and Metallurgy 214
Ⅸ ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION 221
Problem 40 Economic Behavior in the Total Perspective of Culture 222
Problem 41 Systems of Production 225
Problem 42 Systems of Exchange 230
Problem 43 Property Concepts 233
Problem 44 Systems of Consumption 236
Ⅹ SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 242
Problem 45 The Anthropological Approach to Social Organization 243
Problem 46 Age and Generation，or the Cycle of Individual Life，as Organizing Factors 247
Problem 47 Sex as an Organizing Factor 251
Problem 48 Marriage：The Various Forms It May Take 255
Problem 49 The Significance of the Concept of＂Family＂ 265
Problem 50 Kinship 271
Problem 51 Descent or Ancestry as a Principle of Social Continuity 274
Problem 52 Voluntary，or Interest Associations 280
Problem 53 Hierarchical or Rank-Order Principles 281
Ⅺ POLITICAL ORGANIZATION 287
Problem 54 Anthropological Perspectives on Political Organization 287
Problem 55 The Emergence of the Modern State 292
Problem 56 War and Peace 295
Problem 57 Localism，Nationalism，and International Organization 297
Ⅻ SOCIAL CONTROL 302
Problem 58 Anthropological Approaches to Social Control 302
Problem 59 The Forces of Social Conformity 309
Problem 60 ＂Crime＂and the Criminal 313
Problem 61 The Responses of Society to Breaches of Rules 315
ⅩⅢ WORLD VIEW：KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEF 321
Problem 62 The Ideational Dimensions of Culture 321
Problem 63 Religion 323
Problem 64 Magic，and Its Relation to Religion 331
Problem 65 Religious Systems 335
ⅩⅣ ART AND PLAY 342
Problem 66 The Relation between Play and Art 342
Problem 67 The Aesthetic Aspect of Culture 346
Problem 68 Classification of the Arts 351
Problem 69 The Major Arts 352
ⅩⅤ LANGUAGE 364
Problem 70 The Nature and Significance of Human Communication 365
Problem 71 The Analysis of Language 367
Problem 72 The Distribution and Dynamics of Language 370
Problem 73 The Field of Metalinguistics 375
Problem 74 Writing and Other Extensions of Speech 377
ⅩⅥ STABILITY AND CHANGE 381
Problem 75 Cultural Dynamics as a Field of Study 381
Problem 76 Stability and Change in Culture 384
Problem 77 Innovation 392
Problem 78 Growth，Loss，and Reformulation 396
Problem 79 Intervention 402
Problem 80 Disintegration and Reintegration 404
Problem 81 Rates of Change 408
Problem 82 The Individual and Change 413
ⅩⅦ WHAT IS AHEAD？ 419
Problem 83 Applied Anthropology 419
Problem 84 Future Cultural Perspectives 422
GLOSSARY 426
REFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY 433
INDEX 459