1 The evolution of international trade theory and policy 1
An intellectual history of international trade theory and policy 1
An institutional history of international trade policy 17
2 The basic elements of the GATT/WTO， the North American Free Trade Agreement， and the European Union 25
The General Agreement on Tarffs and Trade （GAT T） 25
The Canada-US Free Trade Agreement and the North American Free Trade Agreement （NAFTA） 38
The framework of economic integration in the European Union 44
Harmonization 47
3 Dispute settlement 51
Introduction 51
The WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding （DSU） 58
Dispute settlement in the NAFTA 80
Conclusion 94
4 Trade， exchange rates， and the balance of payments 95
Introduction 95
Liquidity， adjustment and substitutability 99
Volatility 104
Macroeconomic policy coordination and proposals for managed exchange rates 106
The European Monetary System （EMS） 108
Conclusion 111
5 Tariffs， the MFN principle， and regional trading blocs 112
The economic effects of a tariff 112
The Most Favoured Nation principle 114
Alternative bargaining structures 116
Outstanding tariff issues 119
Domestic administration of tariffs 124
Multilateralism versus regionalism 129
6 Trade policy and domestic health and safety regulation and standards 135
Introduction 135
Legislative history 138
Standards setting bodies 150
Selected case-law 152
Future policy directions 160
Conclusions 163
7 Antidumping laws 166
Introduction 166
The GATTprovisions on antidumping 167
Antidumping laws： Canada， the United States and the EU 172
Theoretical rationales for antidumping laws 177
Reforming antidumping laws 188
8 Subsidies， countervailing duties， and government procurement 190
Introduction 190
GATT provisions on subsidies 191
Domestic administration of countervailing duty laws 205
Rationales for countervailing duty laws 213
Reforming subsidy laws 217
9 Safeguard regimes and domestic adjustment policies 226
The GATT safeguard regime 226
Domestic adjustment assistance policies 239
Conclusion 245
10 Trade in agriculture 246
Introduction 246
Trade in agriculture and the pre-Uruguay Round GATT 247
The Canada-US Free Trade Agreement （FTA） and the North American Free Trade Agreement （NAFTA） 251
Rationalesfor differential treatment of the agricultural sector：a critical overview 252
Instruments of agricultural protection 254
The Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture 258
Dispute settlement and the Agreement on Agriculture 264
Conclusion 268
11 Trade in services 270
Introduction 270
The nature of services 271
Barriers to trade in services 273
International agreements for the liberalization of trade in services 275
Financial services 292
Telecommunications 299
Conclusion 305
12 Trade-related intellectual property （TRIPs） 307
Introduction 307
Trade theory and intellectual property rights 310
The pre-Uruguay Round international legal framework 312
Aggressive unilaterialism： US trade remedy law and the EUnew trade policy instrument 317
Intellectual property provisions in trade agreements 319
Post-Uruguay Round developments 330
Conclusion 334
13 Trade and investment 335
Introduction 335
Foreign investment and trade theory 337
Economic rationalesforgovernment incentives and disincentives toforeign investment 338
Non-economic rationales and effects of investment policies： sovereignty and the foreign firm 342
Alternative approaches to international discipline of foreign investment measures 347
The Multilateral Agreement on Investment （MAI） 357
Conclusion 365
14 Trade and developing countries 367
Introduction 367
The legal and institutionalframeworkfor developing country trade 368
Trade and development： theory and policy 379
Policy options and prospects for the future 386
Conclusion 394
15 Trade and the environment 395
Introduction 395
The GATT 397
The North American Free Trade Agreement 432
Conclusion 440
16 Trade and labour rights 441
Introduction 441
A conceptual framework for understanding the trade and labour rights debate 442
The existing and evolving legal and institutionalframework 456
Conclusion 462
17 Trade and competition policy 464
The basic economic function of competition laws 464
International dimensions of competition laws 467
Application of framework to specific aspects of competition policy 474
Trade policy implications 481
18 The international movement of people 484
Introduction 484
Immigration policy in historical perspective 486
The values 487
The welfare implications of immigration 491
Implicationsfor immigration policy 496
Conclusion 498
19 Conclusion： the future of the global trading system 500
Introduction 500
Trade liberalization and the regulatory state： managing the interface 500
Strengthening the legal and institutionalfoundations of open markets 516
Multilateralism versus regionalism 519
Notes 523
Index 595