Acknowledgments 9
Introduction 11
PART Ⅰ 33
1．THE NEW PHILOSOPHICAL HISTORY：Voltaire 35
2．THE CRITICAL METHOD：Barthold Niebuhr 46
3．THE IDEAL OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY：Leopold von Ranke 54
4．NATIONAL HISTORY AND LIBERALISM：Augustin Thierry 63
5．HISTORY AND LITERATURE：Thomas Babington Macaulay 71
6．HISTORY AS BIOGRAPHY：Thomas Carlyle On History 90
7．HISTORY AS A NATIONAL EPIC：Jules Michelet 108
8．POSITIVISTIC HISTORY AND ITS CRITICS：Henry Thomas Buckle and Johann Droysen 120
9．HISTORICAL MATERIALISM：Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels；Jean Jaurès 145
10．HISTORY AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE：Prospectuses of Historische Zeitschrift，Revue Historique，English Historical Review 170
11．THE ETHOS OF A SCIENTIFIC HISTORIAN：N．D．Fustel de Coulanges 178
12．ON THE TRAINING OF HISTORIANS：Theodor Mommsen 191
13．AN AMERICAN DEFINITION OF HISTORY：Frederick Jackson Turner 197
14．HISTORY AS A SCIENCE：J．B．Bury 209
PART Ⅱ 225
1．CLIO REDISCOVERED：G．M．Trevelyan 227
2．SPECIALIZATION AND HISTORICAL SYN-THESIS：Lord Acton and Henri Berr 246
3．A＂NEW HISTORY＂IN AMERICA：James Harvey Robinson and Charles A．Beard 256
4．HISTORICISM AND ITS PROBLEMS：Friedrich Meinecke 267
5．HISTORICAL CONCEPTUALIZATION：J．Huizinga 289
6．ECONOMIC HISTORY：George Unwin and J．H．Clapham 304
7．HISTORICAL RELATIVISM：Charles A．Beard 314
8．HISTORY UNDER MODERN DICTATOR-SHIPS：N．N．Pokrovsky，Walter Frank，and K．A．von Müller 329
9．HISTORY AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES：Thomas Cochran and Richard Hofstadter 347
10．HISTORY AND POLITICAL CULTURE：L．B．Namier 371
11．CULTURAL HISTORY AS A SYNTHESIS：Jacques Barzun 387
Notes 403
Sources and Permissions 417
Index 421