SECTION 1 THE METER DEPARTMENT 1
Functions 1
Organisation 1
Public Relations 1
Education 2
Safety 3
SECTION 2 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 5
Alphabetical List of TechnicalTerms, with Definitions 5
SECTION 3 METHODS OF MEASURE-MENT AND PRINCIPLESOF METERS 25
MEASUREMBNT OF POWOR 25
Direct-Current Circuits 26
Alterna -Current Circuits 26
Single-Phase Circuits 26
Pol Circuits 27
Two-phase Circuits 27
Three-phase Circuits 28
Indicating Wattmeters 30
Blondel's Theorem for PolyphasCircuit Power 30
Two-Wattmeter Method 31
MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY 32
Register 33
Magnetic Brake 33
D-C Watthour Meters 34
Commutator Type Meter 34
Mercury-Motor Meter 34
A-C Watthour Meters 35
Multi-Element Meters 38
Multi-Element Duplex Meters 38
Multi-Circuit Meters 38
Methods of Compensating for Er-rors in A-C Meters 38
Temperature Compensation 38
Friction Compensation 40
Lag Adjustment 40
Driving Torque Balance for Mul-ti-Element Meters 42
Load Characteristics 42
Voltage Characteristics 43
Frequency Characteristic 44
Wave Form Distortion 44
Methods of Connection 45
POWER FACtOR.DETERMINATION 45
Measurement of Kva and Kvars（Reactive Kva） 48
Kvar Measurement 49
Kva Measurement 51
SECTION 4 PRINCIPLES OF DEMANDMETERS 55
Classification of Demand Meters 55
Class 1—Curve Drawing Meters 55
Class 2—Integrated-demand Me-ters 56
Class 3—Lagged-Demand Meters 66
Specifications for Indicating Ther-mal Watt Demand Meters 70
EEI Specification MS-5 71
SECTION 5 INSTRUMENT TRANS-FORMERS 73
Potential Transformers 73
Uses 73
Principle of Operation 73
Permanence of Accuracy 74
Effect of Variation in PrimaryVoltage 74
Effect of Frequency Variation and Wave Form 74
Current Transformers 75
Uses 75
Principle of Operation 75
Permanence o Accuracy 76
Magnetisation of Core 76
Effect of Frequency Variation 76
Effect of Wave Form 76
Inherent Design Compensation forRatio Error and Phase Angle 76
Nickel-Iron Alloys 77
Compensating Windings 77
Effect of Instrument Transformerson the Accuracy of Measure-ment 78
Ratio Correction Factor （RCF） 78
Phase Angle Correction Factor（PACF） 78
Transformer Correction Factor（TCF） 82
Final Correction Factor （FCF） 82
Determination of Meter Adjust-ment to Compensate for Trans-former Errors 82
Method 1 84
Method 2 85
Instrument TransformeBurdens 86
Secondary Burden 86
Classification of Errors 86
Current Transformer Burden 86
Potential Transformer Burdens 87
Errors Due to Secondary Wiring 87
Polypbase Burdens 87
Instrument Transformer Types 88
Potential Transformers 88
Autotransformers 88
Three-Wire and Double RatioCurrent Transformers 89
Window-Type Current Trans-formers 89
Multiple-Ratio Current Trans-formers 90
Split-Core Type Current Trans-formers 90
Representative Types 90
Multi-Range Instrument Trans-formers 90
Knopp Uniload System 94
General Requirements for Instru-ment Transformers 94
Insulation Co-ordination 95
Maintenance and Testing 95
Care in Handling 95
Insulating Liquids 95
Test Methods 95
Test for Insulation of InstrumentTransformers 96
Wave Shape 97
Polarity 97
Testing of Instrument Transform-ers for Ratio and Phase Angle 98
Grounding of Instrument Trans-former Secondaries and Cases 110
Caution in Opening Secondary ofCurrent Transformer 112
Checking Connections 112
Current Transformer Checking by Heavy Burden 115
Instrument TransformerStandards 115
Some Provisions of ASA Standard C-57 116
Terms in Which Ratings Shall be Expressed 116
Standard Ratings 116
Standard Burdens 121
Standard Accuracy Classes for Metering Service 121
Standurd Accuracy Classes for Current Transformers for Re-laying Service 125
Standard Impulse Tests 125
Standard Applied Potential Tests 125
EEI-AEIC Specifications for Coor-dinated and Standardized LowVoltage Metering CurrentTransformers （MS2-1940） 125
Purpose 125
Requirements 126
EEI-AEIC Specifications for Stand-ard Current Transformers forPrimary Circuits （MS3-1942） 127
Purpose 127
Insulation Classes and ImpulseLevels 127
Recommended Ratings for BillingMetering 127
Dimensions 127
SECTION 6 SPECIAL METERING 131
Metering Domestic Water Heater Loads 131
Time Switch Control 131
Carrier Current Control 132
References 133
Single-Phase Varhour and Volt-Ampere-Hour Measurements 133
Varhour Measurements 133
Volt-Ampere-Hour Measurements 134
Compensating Metering for Trans-former Losses 136
Principles 136
Determination of Losses 139
Application 139
Meter Tests 144
Other Methods 146
Summary 149
References 150
Measurement of Integrated Line Losses 150
Load Totalization 151
Local Totalization 152
Differential Totalization 158
References 166
Remote Metering and ing 166
Extension ofInstrument Trans-former Secondaries 168
Remote Location of Demand Meters 168
References 175
Kilowatthour Measurement Above Predetermined Demand Levels 175
References 176
SECTION 7 METER WIRING DIAGRAMS 177
Symbols for Metering Diagrams 177
Meter Connection Diagrams 177
Phase Sequence and Identification 177
Phase Shifting Methods and De-vices 177
Power Factor 177
SECTION 8 METER INSTALLATIONS 201
Selection of Metering Equipment 201
Power Installations 201
Installation Practice 201
Service and Meter Location 202
Primary Metering 210
Installation of Demand Meters 214
Provision for Future MeteringRequirements on Customers'Installations 215
Inactive Service Practice 215
SECTION 9 ROUTINE METER TESTING 217
Test Methods 217
Portable Standard Watthour Me-ter Method 217
Indicating Instrument Method 220
Stroboscopic Method 221
Service Tests 223
Periodic Test Routine 225
Rules of Procedure—General 225
Testing Routine 225
“As Found” Tests 225
“As Left” Tests 226
Adjustments 226
Full-Load Adjustment 226
Light-Load Adjustmen 226
Lag Adjustment 226
Creep 227
Bearings 227
Registers 227
Causes of Friction 228
Defective Current and PotentialCoils 228
Polyphase Watthour Meters 228
Shop Test for Independence ofElements 228
Shop Test for Balance of Ele-ments 228
Assuring Correct Connections 229
Testing of Varhour Meters 230
Testing Meters Installed With In-strument Transformers 230
Testing Connections 230
Auxiliary Equipment 230
Loading Methods 230
Meter-Connection Devices 231
High-Voltage Connection and Test Devices 231
Leads and Terminals 231
Phase-Sequence Indicators 231
Register Testing and Checking 232
Testing Demand Meters 235
Demand Registers 235
Contact-Operated Demand Me-ters 237
Totalizing Relays 238
Graphic Watthour Demand Me-ters 238
Thermal Watt Demand Meters 238
SECTION 10 METER READING 247
How to Read a Watthour Meter 247
How to Read a Demand Meter 249
SECTION 11 THE METER SHOP 255
Power Sources 255
Standardizing Equipment 257
Maintenance Equipment 257
Portable Standard Watthour Me-ter Test Tables 257
Watthour Meter Test Tables 257
Demand Meter Test Tables 263
Time Switch Test Tables 263
Meter Repair Tables 263
Meter Shop Trucks 267
Shop Tools 267
Painting Equipment 267
Instrument Transformer Testing Equipment 267
Meter Jewel Bearing Inspection Eq uipment 268
Rubber Goods Testing Equip-ment 268
Instruments and Measuring Equip-ment for Meter Shop and Field 268
Register Checking Devices 268
Portable Standard Watthour Me-ters 270
Portable Type Loading Devices 270
Ohmmeters 271
Clip-On Type Ammeters 271
Graphic or Curve Drawing In-struments 271
Current Transformer TestingEquipment 273
Potential Transfomer TestingEquipment 273
Precautions in Using Portable In-struments and Meters 275
Care of Instruments 275
Influence of Temperature 275
Direct-Current Instruments 275
Alternating-Current Instruments 276
Influence of Stray Fields 276
Mechanical Effects 277
Accuracy of Observations 277
SECTION 12 THE METER LABORATORY 279
Scope and Functions 279
Fundamental Standards 280
List of Essential Laboratory Equip-ment 280
Selection of Instruments and Re-lated Equipment 281
Laboratory Layout 282
Standard Cells 284
Standard Resisttors 284
Potentiometers 285
Types 286
Care and Use of Potentiometer Equipment 287
Calibration of Potentiometer 287
Volt Boxes 288
Calibration of Volt Boxes 288
Galvanometers 288
Secondary Standards 288
Direct Current 288
Alternating Current 288
Periodic Certification 289
Instruments for Measuring Resist-ance 290
Horological Standards 291
Synchronous Timers 292
Chronographs 293
Portable Working Standards 293
Direct-Current Instruments 293
Alternating-Current Instruments 294
Periodic Certification 294
Precision Test Equipment for Cur-rent and Potential Transform-ers 294
Recommended Schedule for Certi-fication of Standards 294
Miscellaneous Test Instruments,A-C and D-C 296
Power Factor Meters 296
Frequency Meters 297
Ohmmeters 298
Oscillograph 298
Photoelectric Cell Type Reoord-ers 300
Potentiometer Type Recorders 300
Temperature Indicators and Re-corders 302
Phase Shifters, Laboratory Types 303
Induction Regulators 304
SECTION13 DUNCAN ELECTRIC MANU-FACTURING COMPANY METERS 307
Alternating-Current Watthour Me-ters 307
Type MD Watthour Meters 307
Type MF Watthour Meters 309
Type MG Watthour Meters 312
Switchboard Meters 313
Detailed Data and Constants Tables 314
Portable Standard Watthour Me-ters 314
Model T-4 314
Model TM 314
Demand Meters 314
Demand Registers 314
Duncan Thermal Demand Me-ters 317
Meter Data 320
Directions for Use of Tables 320
SECTION 14 GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY METERS 325
Single-Phase Meters 325
Type I-15—One Element 325
Type I-16—One Element 325
Type I-20—One Element 325
Type I-20-S—One Element 325
Type I-30-A—One Element 325
Type I-30-S—One Element 325
Type I-50-A—One Element 325
Type I-50-S—One Element 328
Two-Element Three-Wire Meters 328
Type I-18—Two Element 328
Type V-2-A—Two Element 328
Type V-2-8—Two Element 328
Polyphase Meters 328
Type D-8—Two Element 328
Types D-9 and D-13—Three Ele-ment 328
Type D-14—Two Element 328
Type D-15—Three Element 329
Type Vseries—Two Element 329
Type V-series—Three Element 329
Switchboard Meters 329
Type IS-series—One Element 329
Type DS-series—Two and Three Element 331
Instrument Transformer Rated Me-ters 331
Portable Standard Watthour Me-ters 332
Type IB-7 332
Type IB-8 332
Type IB-9 333
Type IB-10 334
Special Meters 334
Type IR-20-A—One Element 334
Type IR-20-S—One Element 334
Type IR-30-A—One Element 334
Type IR-30-S—One Element 334
Totalizing Watthour Meters 335
Autotransformers 335
Meter Bearings 337
Pivot Type Bearing 337
Ball Type Bearings 337
Indicating Demand Registers 338
Type M-10 Register 338
Type M-14 Register 338
Type M-20 Register 338
Type M-21 Register 340
Type M-30 Register 343
Type M-31 Register 343
Recording Watthour DemanMe-ters 343
Types DG-1, DG-3 and DG-5 344
Types DG-2, DG-4 and DG-6 344
Contact-Operated, Indicating De-mand Meters 345
Type M-11 Demand Meter A-C 346
Type M-12 Demand Meter D-C 346
Type M-13 Demand Meter A-C 346
Type M-15 Demand Meter D-C 346
Type M-16 Demand Meter A-C 348
Type M-17 Demand Meter D-C 348
Contact-Operated, Graphic Demand Meters 348
Type G-8 Demand Meters 350
Type G-9 Demand Meters 350
Type GS-12 Demand Meters 350
Charts for Meters 352
Types BR-1 and BR-2 Demand Meters 352
Demand-Limiting Meters 352
TypesGM-10 and GMS-11 352
Contact-Operated, Printing De-mand Meters 353
PD Series 353
Type PD-7 Demand Mete 355
Contact-Making Clocks 356
Type C and CS Series 356
Types CS-8 and C-8 356
Types CS-9 and C-9 356
Type C-11 357
Type C-12 357
Type C-13 357
Type C-14 357
Type C-15 357
Type C-16 357
Type C-17 357
Demand Meter Relay Switches 357
Type R Series 357
Contact Devices 357
Types D-5, D-12 and D-13 357
Kilowatt Constant 359
Intermediate Relays 361
Types S-1 and S-2 361
Totalizing Relays 361
Type DT Series 361
Type DT-1 362
Type DT-2 362
Type DT-3 363
Totalizers 363
Type MD-1-D2 363
Type MD-3 364
Thermal Demand Meters 367
Type HI-1-A 367
Type HI-1-S 368
Combination Watthour Thermal Demand Meters 368
Type IHM-1-A 368
Type IHM-1-S 368
Combination WatthourThermal Kilovolt-Ampere Meter 368
Type IHE-1-A 368
Type IHE-1-S 369
Directions for Use of Tables 369
SECTION 15 SANGAMO ELECTRIC COMPANY METERS 391
Mercury Motor Meters 391
Type D-5 Watthour Meter 391
Type D-5 Ampere-Hour Meter 391
Type N Ampere-Hour Meter 391
Alternating-Current Watthour Me-ters 391
Type HC Single-Phase Watthour Meter 391
Type HF Watthour Meter 392
Type HFA Single-Phase Watt-hour Mete 392
Type HFB Single-Phase Watt-hour Meter 394
Type HFC Single-Phase Watt-hour Meter 394
Type HFS Single-Phase Watt-hour Meter 394
Types JA and JS Single-Phase Watthour Meters 395
Polyphase Watthour Meters 398
Type HC Two-Element Poly-phase Watthour Meter （Verti-calConstruction） 398
Type HC Two-Element Poly-phase Watthour Meter （Hori-zontal Construction） 399
Type HC Three-Element Poly-phase Meter 399
Type HC Switchboard Meter 399
Type HF Two-Element Poly-phase Watthour Meter 399
Type L-2 Two-Element Single-Disk Watthour Meter 400
Type L-3 Three-Element, Single-Disk Watthour Meter 402
Type LC-2, LC-2A, LC-21/2 and LC-3 Polyphase Watthour Me-ters 402
Detailed Data and ConstantsTables 405
Portable StandarWatthour Me-ters 405
Type HP-6 Portable Test Meter 405
Type J-3 and J-5 Portable TestMeters 405
Type J-33 Portable Test Meter 408
Instrument Multipliers 408
Special Meters 408
Time Switches 408
Type HV Watthour Meter 409
Type JV Watthour Meter 409
Two-Rate Registers 411
Indicating Demand Registers 413
Type HB Register 413
Type HG Register 413
pe HGC Register 413
Type JG Register 413
Type LG Register 417
Type LCGC Register 417
Contact-Operated Indicating De-mand Meters 418
Form G Demand Meter 419
Type AG Demand Meter 419
Contact Devices 420
Thermal Type Demand Meters 420
Type WD Watt Demand Meter 422
Types WDA, WDP, and WDS Watt Demand Meters 422
Types JWA and JWS 423
Type AD Ampere Demand Meter 423
Types CCW and CCA Graphie Demand Meters 423
Directions for Use of Tables 425
SECTION 16 WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION METERS 431
Single-Phase Meters 431
Type OB One-Element 431
Type OB Detachable 431
Type OB—25 Cycle 431
Type OC—One Element 431
Type OC—One Element—De-tachable 432
Type CA—One Element 432
Type CS—One Element 432
Type CB—One Element 432
Type CB-F—One Element 432
Polyphase Meters 432
Type S Sockets 436
Varhour Meters 436
Types XCS and XCA Varhour Meters 436
Portable Standard Watthour Me-ters 437
Type OB 437
Type CP 437
Bearings 438
Indicating Demand Registers 439
Type OB Register 439
Type DR Register 439
Type RW Register 440
Type RW Register 441
Type RL Register 441
Type RI-2 Register 443
Recording Watthour Demand Me-ters 443
Type RB 443
Type R-2 443
Type TR-2 446
Type RI Record Watthour and Kva Demand Meter 446
Indicating Kva Demand Meters 448
Type RK Indicating Kva De-mand Meter 448
Type RKD Kva Impulse Trans-mitters 449
Type W A Contact-Operated Indi-cating Demand Meter 449
Type WRA or RA Impulse Re-cording Demand Meter 450
Type WRI Kva Impulse Oper-ated Receiver 451
Contact Devices, Types CD-2,CD-3, and QD 452
Demand Constant 453
Type RT Impulse Totalizing Re-lay 454
Time Switches 454
Type TCS and TCA Combina-tion Watthour Meter and Time Switch 454
Type TS and TA Time Switch 455
Combination Watthour and Ther-mal Demand Meter 456
Types CAH and CSH Combina-tion Watthour and ThermalWatt Demand Meters 456
Type KAH Thermal Kva De-mand Meter 460
Type QCA Combination Watt-hour Meter and Thermal Am-pere Demand Meter 461
Directions for Use of Tables 462
SECTION 17 REGISTER CONSTANTSAND DEMAND SCALES 487
Register Constants 487
Demand Scales 487
Indicating Demand Registers 487
Indicating Thermal Watt De-mand Meters 489
SECTION 18 TECHNICAL DATA ANDTABLES 491
Abbreviations 491
Fundamental Units 492
Electrical Units 492
Measurements 492
Conversion Factors 492
Metric-English Equivalents 493
Comparison of Thermometrical Scales 494
Decimal Equivalents 494
Temperature 495
Greek Alphabet 495
Symbols of Units 495
Geometrical 495
Mechanical 496
Magnetic 496
Electrical 496
Wire Calculations 498
Ohm's Law 498
Voltage Drop 498
Allowable Number of Wires inConduit 499
Allowable Current-Carrying Capa-cities of Conductors in Am-peres 500
Fusing Currents of Copper,Ger-man Silver or Iron Wires 501
Comparison of Wire Gages 502
Ampere Ratings of A-C and D-C Motors 503
Current Calculations 504
Useful Electrical Formulas for De-termining Amperes, Horse-power, Kilowatts and Kilovolt-Amperes 504
Data on Pulleys and Gears 505
Rule for Finding Size of Pulleys 506
Trigonometric Functions 506
The Slide Rule 507
Application to Meter Testing 512
Practice Problems 514
Common Logarithms of Numbers 515
BIBLIOGRAPHY 521
APPENDIX—Excerpts reproduced from fourth edition （1923） of Handbookfor Electrical Metermen 523
Duncan Watthour Meters 525
General Electric Watthour Meters 541
Sangamo Watthour Meters 561
Westinghouse Watthour Meters 579
INDEX 601