ELECTRON TUBES AND STANDARD COMMITTEES PERSONNEL 3
PREFACE 4
PART 1: CONVENTIONAL RECEIVING TUBES 8
1.Introduction 8
1.1 General Precautions 8
1.2 General Test Conditions 8
2 Filament or Heater Characteristics 8
2.1 Filament or Heater Electrical Characteristics 8
2.2 Filament or Heater Heating Characteristics 9
2.3 Cathode Heating Time 9
2.4 Cathode Cooling Time 10
2.5 Operation Time 10
3 Emission Tests 10
3.1 Measurement of Flection-Point Emission Current 10
3.2 Measurement of Inflection-Point Emission Current 11
3.3 Comparison of Emission Currents of Tubes it 12
3.4 Measurement of Field-Free Current 12
3.5 Emission Checks 12
4 Characteristics of an Electron Tube 13
4.1 Static Characteristics 13
4.2 Load （Dynamic） Characteristics 13
4.3 Perveance 14
4.4 Pulse Methods 14
5 Residual Gas and Insulation Tests 18
5.1 Total Current to a Negatively Biased Control Grid 18
5.2 Measurement of Gas （Ionization） Current 19
5.3 Leakage Currents 20
6 Inverse Electrode Currents 21
6.1 Thermionic Grid Emission 21
6.2 Seconda Grid Emission 21
6.3 Reverse Emission in Rectier Diodes （Back Emis-sion） 22
6.4-Primary Screen-Grid Emission 23
6.5 Primary Anode Emission 23
7 Vacuum-Tube Admittances 23
7.1 Direct Interelectrode Capacitances 25
7.2 Vacuum-Tube Coefcients 27
7.3 Four-Pole Admittances 33
8 Nonlinear Characteristics 36
8.1 Detection Characteristics 36
8.2 Conduction for Rectication 37
9 Audio Power Output 37
9.1 Measurement of Harmonics 38
9.2 Measurement of Power Output at Audio Frequency 38
9.3 Measurement of Push-Pull Power Output at AudioFrequencies 38
10 Radio-Frequency Operating Tests for Power-OutputTubes 39
10.1 Determination of RF Power Output 39
10.2 Grid Driving Power 39
11 Electrode Dissipation and Bulb Temperature 40
11.1 Methods of Measuring Anode Dissipation 40
11.2 Methods of Measuring Grid Dissipation 40
11.3 Methods of Measuring Bulb Temperature 41
12 Bibliography 41
PART 2: CATHODE-RAY TUBES 43
1.Introduction 43
1.1 Scope 43
1.2 Reference to Methods of Testing Other Tubes 43
1.3 Precautions 43
1.4 Ambient Light 43
1.5 Operating Conditions 43
2 Instructions for Test 44
2.1 Cutoff Voltage 44
2.2 Leakage Currents 44
2.3 Electrode Currents 45
2.4 Gas Content 45
2.5 Cathode-Ray-Tube Capacitances 45
2.6 Focusing-Electrode Voltage of Electrostatic-FocusTypes 45
2.7 Focusing-Coil Current of Magnetic-Focus Types 45
2.8 Deection Factor of Electrostatic-Deection Types 46
2.9 Deection Factor of Magnetic-Deection Types 46
2.10 Screen Luminance 46
2.11 Chromaticity of Screen Luminescence 48
2.12 Screen-Persistence Characteristic 51
2.13 Large-Area Contrast 52
2.14 Resolution 53
3 Bibliography 56
PART 3: GAS TUBES 57
1 Introduction 57
1.1 General Precautions 57
2 Hot-Cathode Gas-Tube Tests 57
2.1 Filament or Heater Electrical Characteristic 57
2.2 Control-Characteristic Tests 57
2.3 Emission Tests 58
2.4 Grid-Current Tests 58
2.5 Fault-Current Test （Surge-Current Test） 58
2.6 Operation Test 58
2.7 Thermal Tests for Hot-Cathode Mercury Tubes 60
2.8 Recover-Time Test 61
2.9 Thyratron Ionization-Time Test 63
3 Cold-Cathode Gas-Tube Tests 63
3.1 General Precautions 63
3.2 Breakdown-Voltage Tests 63
3.3 Anode-Voltage-Drop Tests 63
3.4 Transfer-Current Test 64
3.5 Voltage-Regulator-Tube Regulation Test 64
3.6 Drift Rate 64
3.7 Repeatability 64
3.8 Temperature Coefcient of Voltage Drop 64
3.9 Voltage Jump 64
PART 4: MICROWAVE-DUPLEXER TUBES 65
1 Introduction 65
2 Low-Level Radio-Frequency Measurements 65
2.1 Tuning-Susceptance （ATR Tubes） 65
2.2 Normalized Equivalent Conductance （ATR Tubes） 66
2.3 Loaded Q （ATR Tubes） 67
2.4 Mode Purity （ATR Tubes） 67
2.5 Insertion Loss （TR Tubes） 68
2.6 Low-Level VSWR （TR Tubes） 6g 69
2.7 Ignitor Interaction （TR Tubes） 69
2.8 Low-Level Phase Shift （TR Tubes） 69
2.9 Low-Level VSWR （Dual TR Tubes） 69
2.10 Transmitter-Receiver Isolation （Dual TR Tubes） 70
2.11 Loaded Q （High-Q TR Tubes） 70
2.12 Unloaded Q （High-Q TR Tubes） 70
2.13 Resonance Frequency （High-Q TR Tubes） 71
2.14 Tuning Range （High-Q TR Tubes） 71
2.15 Frequency-Temperature Drift （High-Q TR Tubes） 71
2.16 Insertion Loss （High-Q TR Tubes） 71
3 High-Level Radio-Frequency Measurements 71
3.1 Recovery Time （ATR Tubes） 71
3.2 ATR Arc Loss 72
3.3 ATR High-Power-Level VSWR 73
3.4 ATR High-Power-Level Firing Time 73
3.5 Recovery Time （TR and Pre-TR Tubes） 73
3.6 Position of Effective Short （TR and Pre-TR Tubes） 74
3.7 Leakage Power （TR and Pre-TR Tubes） 74
3.8 Minimum Operating Power （TR and Pre-TR Tubes） 76
3.9 Phase-Recovery Time （TR and Pre-TR Tubes） 76
4 Ignitor-Electrode Measurements 76
4.1 Ignitor Voltage Drop 76
4.2 Ignitor Firing Time 77
4.3 Ignitor Oscillations 77
4.4 Ignitor-Leakage Resistance 77
PART 5: PHOTOTUBES 78
1Introduction 78
1.1 Classication of Phototubes 78
1.2 Characteristics 78
2 Sensitivity 78
2.1 Luminous Sensitivity 78
2.2 Illumination Sensitivity 80
2.3 Response to Filtered Light 81
2.4 Radiant Sensitivity （Monochromatic） 81
2.5 Quantum Efciency 82
2.6 Spectral-Sensitivity Characteristic 82
2.7 Uniformity of Sensitivity of Phototubes 82
2.8 Fatigue 82
3 Current Amplication 82
3.1 Gas-Amplication Factor of a Phototube 82
3.2 Current Amplication of a Multiplier Phototube 83
4 Current-Voltage Characteristics 83
4.1 Diode Phototube 83
4.2 Multiplier Phototube 83
5Dynamic Characteristics 84
5.1 Dynamic-Sensitivity Characteristics of a Gas Photo-tube 84
5.2 Pulse Response 84
5.3 Variation in Transit Time with Position of Illumina-tion 85
6 Electrode Dark Current 85
6.1 Anode Dark Current 85
6.2 Equivalent Anode-Dark-Current Input 86
6.3 Temperature Characteristic of Dark Current 86
6.4 Electrode Dark Current in a Multiplier Phototube 86
7 Noise in Multiplier Phototubes 86
7.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 86
7.2 Equivalent Noise Input 87
7.3 Ratio of Signal-to-Noise-in-Signal 87
8 Collection Eiciency 87
8.1 Uniformity of Collection Efciency 87
9 Peak-Output-Current Limitations 88
9.1 Space-Charge-Limited Output Current 88
9.2 Peak Output Current Limited by High Cathode Re-sistivity 88
10 Denitions 89
10.1 Equivalent Noise Input （of a Phototube） 89
10.2 Sensitivity （of a Photosensitive Electron Device） 89
10.3 Sensitivity， Dynamic （of a Phototube） 89
10.4 Sensitivity， Radiant （Camera Tubes or Phototubes） 89
10.5 Transit Time （of a Multiplier Phototube） 89
10.6 Transit-rime Spread 89
PART 6: MICROWAVE TUBES 90
Introduction 91
ANonoperating Characteristics 91
1 Resonance-Frequency Measurements 91
1.1 Reflection Method 91
1.2 Transmission Method 91
2 Measurements 91
2.1 Overcoupled Case （Output Losses Neglected） 92
2.2 Undercoupled Case （Output Losses Neglected） 93
3Phase of Frequency-Sink Measurements 94
4Measurement of Dispersion Characteristics， Uniform In-teraction Circuit 94
B Microwave Oscillators 95
5Power Output 95
5.1 Measurement of Average Power 95
5.2 Measurements of Peak Power 95
6Methods of Measurement of Frequency 96
6.1 Measurements with an Accuracy of One Part in 106or Better 96
6.2 Measurements with an Accuracy of the Order of OnePart in 96
7Method of Measurement of Microwave Local-OscillatorNoise 97
8Transmitting-Oscillator Noise 98
8.1 Spectrum Measurement 98
8.2 Amplitude-Modulation Noise 98
8.3 Angle-Modulation Noise 99
9Loading Effects 99
10Methods of Measurement of Mechanical Tuning Charac-teristics of Microwave-Oscillator Tubes 100
10.1 Calibration 101
10.2 Resetability 101
10.3 Stability 101
10.4 Life 101
10.5 Starting Force （or Torque） 101
10.6 Operating Force （or Torque） 101
11 Electrical Tuning 101
12 Modulation of CW Oscillators 102
12.1 Amplitude Modulation 102
12.2 Frequency Modulation 102
12.3 Distortion 103
12.4 Carrier-Frequency Shift 103
13 Pulsed-Oscillator Measurements 103
13.1 Measurement of RF Spectrum 103
13.2 Pulse Jitter and Missing Pulses 104
14 Spurious Oscillations 106
14.1 CW Oscillators 106
14.2 Pulsed Oscillators 107
15 Frequency Pushing 108
15.1 Static-Pushing Measurement 108
15.2 Dynamic-Pushing Measurement 108
CMicrowave Amplierslo 109
16 Matched Gain （Microwave Amplifier） 109
16.1 Direct Method 109
16.2 Indirect Method 109
17Input-Impedance Measurements 110
17.1 Measurement of Standing-Wave-Ratio S 110
17.2 Measurement of the Reference Angle 110
18Output-Impedance Measurements 110
18.1 Measurement of Standing-Wave-Ratio s 110
18.2 Measurement of Reference Angle 111
19 Measurement of Amplier Bandwidth 111
20.Measurement of Amplier Loss 111
20.1 Circuit Insertion Loss 111
20.2 Backward Loss 111
21.Phase Measurements ill 111
21.1 Fixed-Frequency Tests 111
21.2 Variable-Frequency Test 112
21.3 Time-Delay Measurement 112
22.Noise Factor， Noise Figure 112
23.Carrier-to-Noise Fluctuations 112
23.1 Amplitude Fluctuations 112
23.2 Phase Fluctuations 113
24.Frequency Range 114
25.Amplier Power Output 114
25.1 Amplier Fundamental Power Output 114
25.2 Harmonic Power Output 114
26.Conditional Oscillations 114
27.Intermodulation 115
27.1 Amplitude Distortion 115
27.2 Phase-to-Amplitude Conversion 115
27.3 Phase Distortion 116
27.4 Amplitude-to-Phase Conversion 116
27.5 Multisignal Intermodulation （Frequency-Conver-sion Eect） 116
27.6 Cross Modulation 117
28 Modulation Characteristics 118
29 Testing of Microwave Ampliers Under Pulse Conditions 118
29.1 Pulse Shape and Spectrum 119
29.2 Pulse-to-Pulse Phase Coherence 119
29.3 Cuto Characteristics 120
29.4 Pulse Echoes （Internal Reections） 120
30 Test for Voltage-Tunable Ampliers 121
30.1 The Tuning Characteristic 121
30.2 Start-Oscillation Characteristic 121
31 Tests for Frequency Multipliers 121
32 Stability of Characteristics 121
33 Additional Denitions of Terms for Tunable MicrowaveOscillators 121
33.1 Tuning Range （of Oscillator） 21
33.2 Tuning Sensitivity （of Oscillator） 121
33.3 Tuning Creep （of Oscillator） 121
33.4 Response Time （of an Electrically-Tuned Oscillator） 121
33.5 Resetability （of Oscillator） 121
33.6 Hysteresis 121
33.7 Backlash 121
33.8 Electrically-Tuned Oscillator 121
PART 7: CATHODE-INTERFACE IMPEDANCE 122
1 Introduction 122
1.1 General Comments 122
1.2 General Test Conditions 123
1.3 Measurement Circuits 123
1.4 Complementary-Network Bridge 124
1.5 Shunt-Admittance Method 126
1.6 Standard-Tube-Comparison Method 126
1.7 Dierential-Comparison Method 126
1.8 CW Method 126
2 Bibliography 127
PART 8: CAMERA TUBES 128
1 Introduction 128
1.1 Denitions 128
2 Test Equipment 128
2.1 Design and Adjustment of Test Equipment 128
2.2 Specication of Test Results 129
3 Methods of Test 130
3.1 Measurement of Transfer Characteristic 13
3.2 Measurement of Noise 130
3.3 Measurement of Resolution 131
3.4 Measurement of Persistence Characteristic 132
3.5 Measurement of Spectral-Sensitivity Characteristic 133
3.6 Miscellaneous Tests 133
4.Selected Bibliography 134
PART 9: NOISE IN LINEAR TwoPORTS 135
1 Introduction 135
2 Noise Factor 135
2.1 Variation of Noise Factor with Source Admittance 13
2.2 Average Noise Factor 136
3 Measurement of Average Noise Factor 136
3.1 CW-Signal-Generator Method 137
3.2 Dispersed-Signal-Source Method 138
3.3 Comparison Methods of Noise Measurement 139
3.4 Precautions 139
4 Measurement of Spot-Noise Parameters 140
4.1 Noise Factor of Transducers in Cascade 140
4.2 The Noise Parameters Fo， Go， Bo， and Rn 140
Appendix: Representation of Noise in Linear Twoports 143
1 Introduction 143
2 Representations of Linear Twoports 143
3 Representations of Stationary Noise Sources 144
4 Relationship of Spectral Densities and Fourier Ampli-tudes to Mean-Square Fluctuations 145
5 Noise Transformations by Linear Twoports 146
6 Conclusion 148
PART 10: CATHODE-RAY CHARGE STORAGE TUBES 149
1.Introduction 149
2.Types of Cathode-Ray Charge Storage Tubes 149
2.1 Classication by Output 149
2.2 Classication by Deection Pattern 149
2.3 Combination Storage Tubes 149
3 Measurement of Resolution 149
3.1 Resolution of Scanned Electrical-Signal StorageTubes 150
3.2 Resolution of Electrical-Visual Storage Tubes 150
3.3 Resolution of Beam-Indexed Electrical-SignalStorage Tubes 151
4 Measurement of Writing Speed or Writing Time 151
4.1 Writing Speed of Scanned Electrical-Signal StorageTubes 151
4.2 Writing Speed of Scanned Electrical-Visual StorageTubes 151
4.3 Writing Time of Beam-Indexed Electrical-SignalStorage Tubes 151
4.4 Writing Time of Beam-Indexed Electrical-VisualStorage Tubes 151
5 Measurement of Erasing Speed or Erasing Time 152
5.1 Erasing Speed of Scanned Electrical-Signal StorageTubes 152
5.2 Erasing Speed of Scanned Electrical-Visual StorageTubes 152
5.3 Erasing Time of Beam-Indexed Electrical-SignalStorage Tubes 153
5.4 Erasing Time for Flood-Gun Operation in Electrical-Visual Storage Tubes 153
6 Measurement of Retention Time 153
7 Measurement of Reading Characteristics 153
7.1 Measurement of Read Number 153
7.2 Read Time of Beam-Indexed Storage Tubes 153
7.3 Read-Around Number of Beam-Indexed StorageTubes 154
7.4 Measurement of Viewing Time for Visual OutputTubes 154
8 Measurement of Decay Time 154
8.1 Static Decay Time 154
8.2 Dynamic Decay Time 154
9 Measurement of Signal-to-Shading Ratio 154
9.1 Signal-to-Shading Ratio of Electrical-Signal StorageTubes 155
9.2 Signal-to-Shading Ratio of Electrical-Visual StorageTubes 155
10 Measurement of Signal-to-Disturbance Ratio 155
10.1 Signal-to-Disturbance Ratio of Electrical-SignalStorage Tubes 155
10.2 Signal-to-Disturbance Ratio of Electrical-VisualStorage Tubes 155
11 Luminance of Electrical-Visual Storage Tubes 156
11.1 Maximum Luminance 156
11.2 Contrast Ratio 156
12 Measurement of Beam Curnt 156
13 Denitions 156