第1章 电磁理论 1
第2章 光线和光束的传输 39
第3章 光束在光纤中的传输 76
第4章 光学谐振器 121
第5章 辐射与原子系统的相互作用 159
第6章 激光振荡理论及其在连续区和脉冲区的控制 185
第7章 一些特殊的激光器系统 242
第8章 二次谐波产生和参量振荡 273
第9章 激光束的电光调制 326
第10章 光产生和光探测中的噪声 372
第11章 光辐射的探测 413
第12章 光和声的相互作用 474
第13章光学介电波导——周期性波导中的模传输和模耦合 491
第14章 全息术和光学数据存储 541
第15章 半导体激光器的理论和应用 558
第16章 先进的半导体激光器——量子阱激光器，分布反馈式激光器，垂直腔表面发射激光器 604
第17章 相位共轭光学的理论和应用 639
第18章 光折变介质中的双光束耦合和相位共轭 668
第19章 光孤子 693
第20章 量子光学、量子噪声和压缩态的经典处理 703
Chapter 1 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY 1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Complex-Function Formalism 1
Time-Averaging of Sinusoidal Products 3
1.2 Considerations of Energy and Power in Electromagnetic Fields 3
Dipolar Dissipation in Harmonic Fields 5
1.3 Wave Propagation in Isotropic Media 7
Power Flow in Harmonic Fields 10
1.4 Wave Propagation in Crystals—The Index Ellipsoid 12
Birefringence 13
Index Ellipsoid 14
Normal (index) Surfaces 17
1.5 Jones Calculus and Its Application to Propagation in Optical Systems with Birefringent Crystals 17
Intensity Transmission 24
Circular Polarization Representation 26
Faraday Rotation 27
1.6 Diffraction of Electromagnetic Waves 30
PROBLEMS 34
REFERENCES 38
Chapter 2 THE PROPAGATION OF RAYS AND BEAMS 39
2.0 Introduction 39
2.1 Lens Waveguide 39
Identical-Lens Waveguide 44
2.2 Propagation of Rays Between Mirrors 45
Reentrant Rays 45
2.3 Rays in Lenslike Media 46
2.4 Wave Equation in Quadratic Index Media 48
2.5 Gaussian Beams in a Homogeneous Medium 50
2.6 Fundamental Gaussian Beam in a Lenslike Medium—The ABCD Law 53
Transformation of the Gaussian Beam—The ABCD Law 54
2.7 A Gaussian Beam in Lens Waveguide 57
2.8 High-Order Gaussian Beam Modes in a Homogeneous Medium 57
2.9 High-Order Gaussian Beam Modes in Quadratic Index Media 58
Pulse Spreading in Quadratic Index Glass Fibers 63
2.10 Propagation in Media with a Quadratic Gain Profile 65
2.11 Elliptic Gaussian Beams 66
Elliptic Gaussian Beams in a Quadratic Lenslike Medium 69
2.12 Diffraction Integral for a Generalized Paraxial A,B,C,D System 70
PROBLEMS 72
REFERENCES 74
Chapter 3 PROPAGATION OF OPTICAL BEAMS IN FIBERS 76
3.0 Introduction 76
3.1 Wave Equations in Cylindrical Coordinates 77
3.2 The Step-Index Circular Waveguide 80
Mode Characteristics and Cutoff Conditions 83
3.3 Linearly Polarized Modes 89
Power Flow and Power Density 96
3.4 Optical Pulse Propagation and Pulse Spreading in Fibers 98
Frequency Chirp 105
3.5 Compensation for Group Velocity Dispersion 106
Compensation for Pulse Broadening by Fibers with Opposite Dispersion 108
Compensation for Pulse Broadening by Phase Conjugation 108
3.6 Analogy of Spatial Diffraction and Temporal Dispersion 113
3.7 Attenuation in Silica Fibers 115
PROBLEMS 116
REFERENCES 119
Chapter 4 OPTICAL RESONATORS 121
4.0 Introduction 121
Mode Density in Optical Resonators 122
4.1 Fabry-Perot Etalon 125
4.2 Fabry-Perot Etalons as Optical Spectrum Analyzers 129
4.3 Optical Resonators with Spherical Mirrors 132
Optical Resonator Algebra 133
The Symmetrical Mirror Resonator 134
4.4 Mode Stability Criteria 135
4.5 Modes in a Generalized Resonator—The Self-Consistent Method 138
Stability of the Resonator Modes 139
4.6 Resonance Frequencies of Optical Resonators 140
4.7 Losses in Optical Resonators 143
4.8 Optical Resonators—Diffraction Theory Approach 145
Equivalent Resonator Systems 149
4.9 Mode Coupling 154
Equivalent Resonator Systems 149
Mode Solution by Numerical Iteration 151
PROBLEMS 156
REFERENCES 158
Chapter 5 INTERACTION OF RADIATION AND ATOMIC SYSTEMS 159
5.0 Introduction 159
5.1 Spontaneous Transitions Between Atomic Levels—Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Broadening 159
The Concept of Spontaneous Emission 160
Lineshape Function—Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Broadening 161
Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Broadening 162
5.2 Induced Transitions 165
5.3 Absorption and Amplification 168
5.4 Derivation of x'(v) 171
5.5 The Significance of x(v) 174
5.6 Gain Saturation in Homogeneous Laser Media 176
5.7 Gain Saturation in Inhomogeneous Laser Media 179
PROBLEMS 182
REFERENCES 183
Chapter 6 THEORY OF LASER OSCILLATION AND ITS CONTROL IN THE CONTINUOUS AND PULSED REGIMES 185
6.0 Introduction 185
6.1 Fabry-Perot Laser 185
6.2 Oscillation Frequency 189
6.3 Three- and Four-Level Lasers 192
6.4 Power in Laser Oscillators 194
Rate Equations 194
6.5 Optimum Output Coupling in Laser Oscillators 197
6.6 Multimode Laser Oscillation and Mode Locking 201
Mode Locking 203
Methods of Mode Locking 206
Theory of Mode Locking 210
6.7 Mode Locking in Homogeneously Broadened Laser Systems 212
Transfer Function of the Gain Medium 213
Transfer Function of the Loss Cell 213
Mode Locking by Phase Modulation 217
6.8 Pulse Length Measurement and Narrowing of Chirped Pulses 218
Pulse Narrowing by Chirping and Compression 222
The Grating Pair Compressor 226
6.9 Giant Pulse (Q-switched) Lasers 227
Methods of Q-Switching 233
6.10 Hole-Burning and the Lamb Dip in Doppler-Broadened Gas Lasers 235
PROBLEMS 238
REFERENCES 239
Chapter 7 SOME SPECIFIC LASER SYSTEMS 242
7.0 Introduction 242
7.1 Pumping and Laser Efficiency 242
7.2 Ruby Laser 243
7.3 Nd3+:YAG Laser 248
7.4 Neodymium-Glass Laser 251
7.5 He-Ne Laser 255
7.6 Carbon Dioxide Laser 257
7.7 Ar+ Laser 259
7.8 Excimer Lasers 260
7.9 Organic-Dye Lasers 262
7.10 High-Pressure Operation of Gas Lasers 267
7.11 The Er-Silica Laser 270
PROBLEMS 270
REFERENCES 270
Chapter 8 SECOND-HARMONIC GENERATION AND PARAMETRIC OSCILLATION 273
8.0 Introduction 273
8.1 On the Physical Origin of Nonlinear Polarization 273
8.2 Formalism of Wave Propagation in Nonlinear Media 282
8.3 Optical Second-Harmonic Generation 285
Phase-Matching in Second-Harmonic Generation 286
Experimental Verification of Phase-Matching 290
Second-Harmonic Generation with Focused Gaussian Beams 291
Second-Harmonic Generation with a Depleted Input 293
8.4 Second-Harmonic Generation Inside the Laser Resonator 295
8.5 Photon Model of Second-Harmonic Generation 299
8.6 Parametric Amplification 300
8.7 Phase-Matching in Parametric Amplification 306
8.8 Parametric Oscillation 308
8.9 Frequency Tuning in Parametric Oscillation 311
8.10 Power Output and Pump Saturation in Optical Parametric Oscillators 314
8.11 Frequency Up-Conversion 316
8.12 Quasi Phase-Matching 319
Quasi Phase-Matching in Crystal Dielectric Waveguides 320
PROBLEMS 322
REFERENCES 323
Chapter 9 ELECTROOPTIC MODULATION OF LASER BEAMS 326
9.0 Introduction 326
9.1 Electrooptic Effect 326
The General Solution 333
9.2 Electrooptic Retardation 341
9.3 Electrooptic Amplitude Modulation 344
9.4 Phase Modulation of Light 347
9.5 Transverse Electrooptic Modulators 348
9.6 High-Frequency Modulation Considerations 349
Transit-Time Limitations to High-Frequency Electrooptic Modulation 350
Traveling-Wave Modulators 351
9.7 Electrooptic Beam Deflection 353
9.8 Electrooptic Modulation—Coupled Wave Analysis 356
The Wave Equation 358
9.9 Phase Modulation 360
Amplitude Modulation (advanced topic) 364
PROBLEMS 367
REFERENCES 370
Chapter 10 NOISE IN OPTICAL DETECTION AND GENERATION 372
10.0 Introduction 372
10.1 Limitations Due to Noise Power 373
Measurement of Optical Power 373
10.2 Noise—Basic Definitions and Theorems 376
Wiener-Khintchine Theorem 378
10.3 The Spectral Density Function of a Train of Randomly Occurring Events 379
10.4 Shot Noise 381
10.5 Johnson Noise 383
Statistical Derivation of Johnson Noise 386
10.6 Spontaneous Emission Noise in Laser Oscillators 388
10.7 Phasor Derivation of the Laser Linewidth 393
The Phase Noise 393
The Laser Field Spectrum 396
10.8 Coherence and Interference 401
Delayed Self-Heterodyning of Laser Fields 404
Special Case td>>Tc 406
10.9 Error Probability in a Binary Pulse Code Modulation System 407
PROBLEMS 410
REFERENCES 411
Chapter 11 DETECTION OF OPTICAL RADIATION 413
11.0 Introduction 413
11.1 Optically Induced Transition Rates 414
11.2 Photomultiplier 415
11.3 Noise Mechanisms in Photomultipliers 417
Mimimum Detectable Power in Photomultipliers—Video Detection 418
Signal-Limited Shot Noise 420
11.4 Heterodyne Detection with Photomultipliers 421
Limiting Sensitivity as a Result of the Particle Nature of Light 423
11.5 Photoconductive Detectors 425
Generation Recombination Noise in Photoconductive Detectors 428
Heterodyne Detection in Photoconductors 430
11.6 The p-n Junction 432
11.7 Semiconductor Photodiodes 436
Frequency Response of Photodiodes 438
Detection Sensitivity of Photodiodes 443
11.8 The Avalanche Photodiode 446
11.9 Power Fluctuation Noise in Lasers 449
11.10 Infrared Imaging and Background-Limited Detection 454
11.11 Optical Amplification in Fiber Links 461
PROBLEMS 470
REFERENCES 471
Chapter 12 INTERACTION OF LIGHT AND SOUND 474
12.0 Introduction 474
12.1 Scattering of Light by Sound 474
12.2 Particle Picture of Bragg Diffraction of Light by Sound 477
Doppler Derivation of the Frequency Shift 478
12.3 Bragg Diffraction of Light by Acoustic Waves—Analysis 479
12.4 Deflection of Light by Sound 486
PROBLEMS 489
REFERENCES 490
Chapter 13 PROPAGATION AND COUPLING OF MODES IN OPTICAL DIELECTRIC WAVEGUIDES—PERIODIC WAVEGUIDES 491
13.0 Introduction 491
13.1 Waveguide Modes—A General Discussion 492
Confined Modes in a Symmetric Slab Waveguide 494
13.2 TE and TM Modes in an Asymmetric Slab Waveguide 499
TE Modes 499
TM Modes 501
13.3 A Perturbation Theory of Coupled Modes in Dielectric Optical Waveguides 502
13.4 Periodic Waveguide 504
Some General Properties of the Coupled Mode Equations 506
13.5 Coupled-Mode Solutions 509
Numerical Example 512
13.6 Periodic Waveguides as Optical Filters and Reflectors—Periodic Fibers 512
13.7 Electrooptic Modulation and Mode Coupling in Dielectric Waveguides 515
13.8 Directional Coupling 521
13.9 The Eigenmodes of a Coupled Waveguide System (supermodes) 526
13.10 Laser Arrays 531
PROBLEMS 538
REFERENCES 539
Chapter 14 HOLOGRAPHY AND OPTICAL DATA STORAGE 541
14.0 Introduction 541
14.1 The Mathematical Basis of Holography 542
The Holographic Process Viewed as Bragg Diffraction 542
Basic Holography Formalism 545
14.2 The Coupled Wave Analysis of Volume Holograms 546
Multihologram Recording and Readout—Crosstalk 549
Wavelength Multiplexing 552
Crosstalk in Data-Bearing Holograms 552
PROBLEMS 556
REFERENCES 557
Chapter 15 SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS—THEORY AND APPLICATIONS 558
15.0 Introduction 558
15.1 Some Semiconductor Physics Background 559
The Fermi-Dirac Distribution Law 562
15.2 Gain and Absorption in Semiconductor (laser) Media 565
15.3 GaAs/Ga1—xA1xAs Lasers 570
15.4 Some Real Laser Structures 577
Quaternary GaInAsP Semiconductor Lasers 578
Power Output of Injection Lasers 581
15.5 Direct-Current Modulation of Semiconductor Lasers 582
15.6 Gain Suppression and Frequency Chirp in Current-Modulated Semiconductor Lasers 587
Amplitude-phase coupling 592
The Field Spectrum of a Chirping Laser 594
15.7 Integrated Optoelectronics 596
PROBLEMS 599
REFERENCES 601
Chapter 16 ADVANCED SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS: QUANTUM WELL LASERS,DISTRIBUTED FEEDBACK LASERS, VERTICAL CAVITY SURFACE EMITTING LASERS 604
16.0 Introduction 604
16.1 Carriers in Quantum Wells (Advanced Topic) 605
The Density of States 608
16.2 Gain in Quantum Well Lasers 610
Multiquantum Well Laser 614
16.3 Distributed Feedback Lasers 616
Oscillation Condition 619
Gain-Coupled Distributed Feedback Lasers 626
16.4 Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Semiconductor Lasers 628
The Oscillation Condition of a Vertical Cavity Laser 630
The Bragg Mirror 631
The Oscillation Frequencies 633
PROBLEMS 636
REFERENCES 637
Chapter 17 PHASE CONJUGATE OPTICS—THEORY AND APPLICATIONS 639
17.0 Introduction and Background 639
17.1 The Distortion Correction Theorem 640
17.2 The Generation of Phase Conjugate Waves 641
17.3 The Coupled-Mode Formulation of Phase Conjugate Optics 643
Some Consideration of Units 648
17.4 Some Experiments Involving Phase Conjugation 649
17.5 Optical Resonators with Phase Conjugate Reflectors 651
17.6 The ABCD Formalism of Phase Conjugate Optical Resonators 653
The ABCD Matrix of a Phase Conjugate Mirror 653
17.7 Dynamic Distortion Correction Within a Laser Resonator 655
17.8 Holographic Analogs of Phase Conjugate Optics 657
17.9 Imaging Through a Distorted Medium 659
17.10 Image Processing by Four-Wave Mixing 661
17.11 Compensation of Fiber Dispersion 665
PROBLEMS 665
REFERENCES 665
Chapter 18 TWO-BEAM COUPLING AND PHASE CONJUGATION IN PHOTOREFRACTIVE MEDIA 668
18.0 Introduction 668
18.1 Two-Wave Coupling in a Fixed Grating 669
18.2 The Photorefractive Effect—Two Beam Coupling 671
The Grating Formation 680
Refractive Two-Beam Coupling 681
Two-Beam Coupling—Symmetric Geometry 683
18.3 Photorefractive Self-Pumped Phase Conjugation 684
18.4 Applications of Photorefractive Oscillators 686
Rotation Sensing 686
Mathematical and Logic Operations of Images 688
PROBLEMS 691
REFERENCES 691
Chapter 19 OPTICAL SOLITONS 693
19.0 Introduction 693
19.1 The Mathematical Description of Solitons 693
The Wave Equation 695
Numerical Example—Optical Solitons in Silica Fibers 699
PROBLEMS 700
REFERENCES 701
Chapter 20 A CLASSICAL TREATMENT OF QUANTUM OPTICS, QUANTUM NOISE, AND SQUEEZING 703
20.0 Introduction 703
20.1 The Quantum Uncertainty Goes Classical 703
The Uncertainty Principle 704
The Energy of an Electromagnetic Mode 709
Uncertainty in Energy 709
Phase Uncertainty 710
Fluctuation of Photoelectron Number 710
Minimum Detectable Optical Power Increment 711
20.2 Squeezing of Optical Fields 712
Experimental Demonstrations of Squeezing 716
REFERENCES 721
Appendix A THE KRAMERS-KRONIG RELATIONS 723
Appendix B THE ELECTROOPTIC EFFECT IN CUBIC 43m CRYSTALS 726
Appendix C NOISE IN TRAVELING WAVE LASER AMPLIFIERS 730
Appendix D TRANSFORMATION OF A COHERENT ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD BY A THIN LENS 734
Index 737