UNIT Ⅰ CONSIDERATION OF BACKGROUNDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OP CLINICAL INSTRUCTION 16
CHAPTER Ⅰ GENERAL INTRODUCTION 17
Historical Development of Nursing Education 17
Recent Changes in Nursing Education 17
Place of Clinical Instruction in the Nursing-School 22
CHAPTER Ⅱ THE SCHOOL OF NURSING IN THE MODERN COMMUNITY 24
Introduction 24
The Modern Hospital 24
The Supervisor and Head Nurse 25
The School of Nursing 26
Evolution of the Curriculum 27
Some Important Trends in Nursing Education 29
Discussion Questions for Unit Ⅰ 30
Annotated Bibliography for Unit Ⅰ 30
UNIT Ⅱ THE PROBLEM OF ADMINISTRATION 36
CHAPTER Ⅲ GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATION 36
Introduction 36
Fundamental Principles of Administration 36
Personal Characteristics of the Good Administrator 40
CHAPTER Ⅳ THE HEAD NURSE＇S FUNCTIONS AS AN ADMINISTRATOR 41
Introduction 41
The Head Nurse as an Administrator 42
Classification of the Head Nurse＇s Functions 43
Conclusion 46
CHAPTER Ⅴ THE WARD PERSONNEL 48
Introduction 48
The Functions and Preparation of Graduate Nurses on Staff Duty 50
The Subsidiary Worker on the Ward 52
Discussion Questions for Unit Ⅱ 55
Annotated Bibliography for Unit Ⅱ 55
UNIT Ⅲ THE PROBLEM OK SUPERVISION 63
CHAPTER Ⅵ INTRODUCTION 64
Modern Supervision Described 64
Historical Backgrounds for Supervision in Nursing 65
The Evolution of Supervision in Nursing 66
CHAPTER Ⅶ THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SUPERVISOR 70
Introduction 70
Administrative Functions 70
Teaching Functions 73
The Supervisory Functions 77
Some Common Misconceptions of Supervision 79
The Leader and Her Assistant 81
Supervisory Technics 81
Supervising the Superior Individual 85
The Research Functions 86
Training as a Function of Supervision 87
CHAPTER Ⅷ PLANNING AND EVALUATING SUPERVISION 89
Introduction 89
Reasons for Planning 89
Evaluating Supervision 92
Discussion Questions for Unit Ⅲ 94
Annotated Bibliography for Unit Ⅲ 94
UNIT Ⅳ THE PROBLEM OF TEACHING 103
CHAPTER Ⅸ BASIC PRINCIPLES IN TEACHING AND LEARNING 103
Introduction 103
The Principles of Good Teaching 104
The Learning Process 106
Class Organization and Management 107
The Student Nurse 114
CHAPTER Ⅹ IMPROVING TEACHING BY SELECTING AND EVALUATING THE CONTENT 116
Introduction 116
Course Programs 16
Lesson Plans 118
The Content of the Nursing Course 119
Social and Public Health Content 121
The Clinical Instructor as an Integrator 122
Outline for One Unit 123
CHAPTER Ⅺ IMPROVING TEACHING BY EVALUATING MATERIALS OF INSTRUCTION 127
Introduction 127
Text and Reference Books 127
The Evaluation of Books 130
The Use of the Library 131
Departmental Libraries 131
How to Make a Bibliography 132
Printed Matter 132
Card File 134
The Ward Bulletin Board 134
Equipment for Teaching 135
Discussion Questions for Unit Ⅳ 137
Annotated Bibliography for Unit Ⅳ 138
UNIT Ⅴ THE PROBLEM OK METHOD IN TEACHING 147
CHAPTER Ⅻ GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO METHOD 147
Introduction 147
The Lecture Method 148
CHAPTER ⅩⅢ THE RECITATION 150
The Recitation Method 150
The Socialized Recitation 151
Questioning 151
CHAPTER ⅩⅥ THE DEMONSTRATION 155
Introduction 155
The Demonstration Described 155
The Technic of the Demonstration 156
CHAPTER ⅩⅤ THE LABORATORY，SEMINAR，AND PANEL METHODS 158
The Laboratory Method 158
The Seminar Method 158
The Symposium Method 159
The Panel Discussion 160
CHAPTER ⅩⅥ TUB CONFERENCE METHOD 161
Introduction 161
Physical Equipment 162
Conference Planning 163
Orientation of New Students 164
Morning and Evening Reports 165
Individual Conferences 169
CHAPTER ⅩⅦ THE NURSING CLINIC AND WARD ROUNDS 172
The Nursing Clinic 172
Nursing Rounds 173
CHAPTER ⅩⅧ THE NURSING CAKE STUDY 175
Introduction 175
Supervision 177
Outlines 178
Evaluating Nursing Care Studies 188
Grading Scale for Nursing Care Study 189
CHAPTER ⅩⅨ THE ASSIGNMENT 193
The Assignment as a Method of Teaching 193
Assignment of Clinical Experience 194
Functional and Case Methods Compared 196
CHAPTER ⅩⅩ OTHER METHODS USED IN TEACHING 200
Field Trips 200
Miscellaneous Methods of Teaching 201
Discussion Questions for Unit Ⅴ 202
Annotated Bibliography for Unit Ⅴ 202
UNIT Ⅵ THE PROBLEM OF PLANNING A UNIFIED PROGRAM OF CLINICAL INSTRUCTION 209
CHAPTER ⅩⅪ FIRST STEPS IN PLANNING THE PROGRAM 209
Introduction 209
Aims 210
The Correlation of Theory and Practice 212
Arrangement of Classes 215
CHAPTER ⅩⅫ THE POTATION OF STUDENT NURSES 216
Introduction 210
Basic Principles 216
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅢ REQUISITES FOR A PROGRAM OF CLINICAL INSTRUCTION 221
Introduction 221
Planned Time 221
Basic Essentials 223
Records of Ward Teaching 223
The Head Nurse and Departmental Instruction 224
Conclusion 225
Discussion Questions for Unit Ⅵ 226
Annotated Bibliography for Unit Ⅵ 227
UNIT Ⅶ THE PROBLEM OF EVALUATING THE RESULTS OF TEACHING 232
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅣ THE PROBLEM OF MEASUREMENT IN SCHOOLS OF NURSING 232
Introduction 232
The Purpose of Measurements 233
Guidance 235
What to Measure or Evaluate 235
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅤ TYPES OF EVALUATION PROCEDURES AND HOW TO USE THEM 237
Introduction 237
Preparing the Examination 238
The Oral Quiz and Report 240
The Written Examination 240
Essay Type 240
Objective or＂New Type，＂ 242
Scoring the Test 250
The Nursing Care Study，Term Papers，Special Reports 251
The Practical Examination 252
Pretests and Comprehensive Examinations 252
Examinations in the Clinical Subjects 252
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅥ TYPES OF EVALUATION PROCEDURES(CONT＇D) 254
The Rating Scale or Achievement Record 254
Technic of Using Rating Scales and Evaluation Records 256
How to Reduce Error in Education Measurements 265
Criteria of a Good Method of Evaluation 266
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅦ EVALUATING DEPARTMENTAL INSTRUCTION 268
Introduction 268
Purpose and Methods of Evaluating 268
Discussion Questions for Unit Ⅶ 271
Annotated Bibliography for Unit Ⅶ 272
UNIT Ⅷ THE FACULTY 278
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅧ IMPROVING TEACHING THROUGH BETTER QUALIFIED TEACHERS 278
Introduction 278
General Qualifications of Nursing Teachers 280
The Clinical Instructor 281
The Qualifications of the Head Nurse 287
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅨ THE QUALIFICATIONS AND PERSONALITY OF SUPERVISORS 290
Introduction 290
Professional Qualifications 291
Personal Characteristics 291
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩ HOW TO BECOME BETTER QUALIFIED 293
Introduction 293
The Need for Better Prepared Nurses 293
Academic Degrees in the Qualifications of the Nurse 295
An Efficiency Test 296
Discussion Questions for Unit Ⅷ 299
Annotated Bibliography for Unit Ⅷ 300
UNIT Ⅸ THE PROBLEM OF CARRYING OUT TEACHING AND SUPERVISION IN CLINICAL DEPARTMENTS 307
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅪ THE TEACHING AND SUPERVISION OF PHARMACOLOGY．＆Irene L．Beland，R．N．，M．S．，Saint Mary＇s Hospital，Rochester，Minn 308
Introduction 308
Aims 308
Length and Description of Course 313
Orientation of Student 315
Assignment of Experience to Students 321
Methods of Teaching Students 321
Methods of Teaching Patients 331
Bibliography 334
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅫ CLINICAL INTRODUCTION IN MEDICAL NURSING＆Sarah E．Davis，R．N．，B．Sc，School of Nursing，St．Louis City Hospital，St．Louis，Mo 336
Introduction 336
The General Plan 336
The Aims of the Plan 337
The Objectives of the Plan 338
Methods of Clinical Instruction Used 338
Amount of Clinical Instruction 339
Assignment of Student Experience 340
Methods of Evaluating the Progress of the Student 341
Content of Medical Nursing Course 342
Classroom Instruction 342
Departmental Instruction 344
The Orientation Unit 344
Bibliography 366
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩⅢ THE TEACHING AND SUPERVISION OF MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING．Almira Hoppe Hemstead，E．N．，B．Sc，Westchester School of Nursing and Grasslands Hospital，Valhalla，N．Y 368
In the First Clinical Year 368
General Principles 368
The Aims of Teaching and Supervision of Medical and Surgical Nursing 368
The Theory and Practice of Medical and Surgical Nursing 374
Outline of Course in Science of Medicine and Surgery 377
The Students＇Experience in Medical and Surgical Nursing on the Wards 399
Testing Students＇Learning 404
Reference Reading 406
Student Experience in the Operating Room 407
In the Senior Year 411
Bibliography 413
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩⅣ CLINICAL INSTRUCTION IN PEDIATRIC NURSING．＆Marjorie Moore，R．N．，St．Louis Children＇s Hospital，St Louis，Mo 414
Aims 414
The Integration of Theoretical and Clinical Programs 415
Assignment of Clinical Experience 416
Methods of Clinical Instruction 416
Ward Conference 417
Clinics and Symposiums 418
The Nursing Care Study 421
Methods of Recording Student Experience in Pediatric Nursing 425
Progress Record 442
Bibliography 442
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩⅤ CLINICAL INSTRUCTION IN OBSTETRICAL NURSING．＆Ruth E．Lindberg，R．N．，B．S．，Pennsylvania Hospital and University of Pennsylvania，Philadelphia，Pa 445
Introduction 445
Orientation 447
Plan for Student Experience in Obstetrical Nursing 448
Prenatal and Postnatal Clinics 452
Delivery Rooms 453
Care of the Mothers 454
Care of Infants 456
Formula Room 456
Evaluation and Rating of Students＇Experience 457
Nursing Care Studies 457
Record Keeping 458
Student Assignments 459
Departmental Libraries 459
Staff Education 460
Plan for Group Conferences 460
Evaluation and Rating of Student Cadet Experience 465
Evaluation and Rating of Students in the Advanced Course of Maternity Nursing 477
Bibliography 504
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩⅥ CLINICAL INSTRUCTION IN PSYCHIATRIC NURSING．＆Ione O．Slough，R．N．，B．S．，John Sealy College of Nursing，Galveston，Texas 511
Introduction 511
Preparation of a Supervisor 512
Personality of the Supervisor 512
Types of Hospitals 513
Bibliography 532
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩⅦ CLINICAL TEACHING PROGRAM FOR OUT-PATIENT AND HOME OR COMMUNITY NURSING．＆Henrietta Adams Loughran，R．N．，M．S．，School of Nursing，Boulder and Denver Divisions，University of Colorado 542
Introduction 542
Preparing the Student for Out-Patient and Home or Community Nursing Practice 543
The Instructing Supervisor＇s Direct Responsibilities for Students Assigned on Her Service 546
Summary of Out-Patient Department Clinical Experience and Teaching Programs 549
Examples of Programs for the Student＇s Home and Community Nursing Experience and Instruction 550
Information for Students in Visiting Nursing 561
Summary 567
APPENDIX Sources for Teaching Aids 568