1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Nature of Language Teaching 1
1.2 The Necessity of Learning Language Teaching Methodology 3
1.3 Overview of This Book 4
2 Views on Language and Language Learning 6
2.1 Views on Language 6
2.2 Views on Language Learning 10
2.3 Summary 12
2.4 Questions for Discussion 13
3 Major Methods and Approaches in FLT 14
3.1 The Grammar-Translation Method 14
3.2 The Direct Method 16
3.3 The Audiolingual Approach 17
3.4 The Silent Way 18
3.5 Suggestopedia 20
3.6 Community Language Learning 21
3.7 Total Physical Response 22
3.8 The Cognitive Approach 23
3.9 The Communicative Approach 24
3.10 Task-Based Language Teaching 25
3.11 Learner-Centered Education 26
3.12 Summary 27
3.13 Questions for Discussion 28
4 The Models of the Process of FLT 29
4.1 The PPP Model 30
4.2 Harmer's ESA Model 31
4.3 Ur's PPT Model 32
4.4 Willis'TBL Model 34
4.5 Summary 35
4.6 Questions for Discussion 38
5 Teaching the Language System 39
5.1 The Language System 39
5.2 Teaching Pronunciation 41
5.2.1 The Necessity of Teaching Pronunciation 41
5.2.2 The Concept of Pronunciation 42
5.2.3 Techniques for Teaching Pronunciation 46
5.2.4 Summary 48
5.3 Teaching Vocabulary 49
5.3.1 What Needs to Be Taught? 49
5.3.2 Principles of Vocabulary Instruction 51
5.3.3 Techniques for Vocabulary Instruction 53
5.3.4 Summary 55
5.4 Teaching Grammar 55
5.4.1 What is Grammar? 56
5.4.2 Principles of Teaching Grammar 57
5.4.3 Techniques for Teaching Grammar 59
5.5 Summary 61
5.6 Questions for Discussion 61
6 Teaching Language Skills 63
6.1 Reading 64
6.1.1 The Nature of Reading and Insights into the Reading Process 64
6.1.2 Principles of Teaching Reading 68
6.1.3 Techniques for Teaching Reading 70
6.1.4 Cases and Tasks 73
6.2 Listening 77
6.2.1 The Nature of Listening and Insights into the Listening Process 77
6.2.2 Principles of Teaching Listening 81
6.2.3 Techniques for Teaching Listening 83
6.2.4 Cases and Tasks 89
6.3 Speaking 91
6.3.1 The Nature of Speaking 91
6.3.2 Principles of Teaching Speaking 94
6.3.3 Techniques for Teaching Speaking 95
6.4 Writing 96
6.4.1 The Nature of Writing 96
6.4.2 Principles of Teaching Writing 98
6.4.3 Techniques for Teaching Writing 99
7 Lesson Planning and Classroom Management 101
7.1 Lesson Planning 101
7.1.1 The Necessity of Lesson Planning 101
7.1.2 The Difference between Global Planning and Local Planning 102
7.1.3 Components of a Lesson Plan 103
7.1.4 Principles for Lesson Planning 108
7.1.5 Sample Lesson Plans 109
7.2 Classroom Management 112
7.2.1 The Management of Relationships 113
7.2.2 The Management of Language 114
7.2.3 The Management of Interaction 115
7.2.4 The Management of Equipment 116
7.2.5 Discipline in the Classroom 117
7.3 Questions for Discussion 119
8 Teacher Education and Development 120
References 124