1 Welding 1
1.1 Introduction to Welding Processes 1
1.2 Welding Metallurgy 26
1.3 Some New Developments in Welding 66
2 Casting 104
2.1 Metal Flow in Die Casting 104
2.2 Optimization of Properties in Aluminum Casting 125
2.3 Precision Casting Process 133
3 Forming 167
3.1 Fundamentals of Metal Forming 167
3.2 Bulk-metal Forming 182
3.3 Sheet-metal Forming 190
4 Materials and Heat Treatment 198
4.1 Ferrous Alloys 198
4.2 Heat Treatment of Steel 206
4.3 Principle of Heat Treatment of Steel 208
4.4 Non-ferrous Alloys 235
4.5 Composites 238
4.6 Advanced Structural Ceramics 249
4.7 Functional Ceramics 255
4.8 Conductive Ceramics 264
4.9 Glass Ceramics 275
4.10 Magnetic Materials 276
4.11 Plastics 278
4.12 Polymer 279
5 Inorganic Non-metallic Materials 293
5.1 Portland Cement 293
5.2 Burning of Clinker 296
5.3 Cooling of Cement Clinker 298
5.4 Chemical and Mineralogical Composition of Portland Cement 301
5.5 Different Types of Portland Cement 304
5.6 Factors Affecting the Rate of Hydration of the Cement 307
5.7 Strength of Concrete 312
5.8 Durability of Concrete 325
6 General Science 336
6.1 Abrasives 336
6.2 Adhesives 342
6.3 Analysis and Measurement 348
6.4 Chemical Reaction 349
6.5 Condensation and Condensers 351
6.6 Conductors and Conductivity 352
6.7 Electric Magnetic Material 354
6.8 Electronics 355
6.9 Electrolysis 358
6.10 Semiconductor 360
6.11 Surface Coating 362