1 Introduction 1
1.1 MOTIVATION 1
1.2 SUMMARY OF BOOK 2
1.3 BOOK ORGANIZATION 4
REFERENCES 5
2 Frequency Synthesizer for Wireless Applications 7
2.1 DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS 7
2.2 PHASE NOISE AND TIMING JITTER 8
2.2.1 Phase noise and spurious tone 8
2.2.2 Timing jitter 11
2.3 IMPLEMENTATION OF FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER 14
2.3.1 Direct analog frequency synthesizer 14
2.3.2 Direct digital frequency synthesizer 15
2.3.3 PLL-based frequency synthesizer 16
2.3.4 DLL-based frequency synthesizer 20
2.3.5 Hybrid frequency synthesizer 21
2.3.6 Summary and comparison of synthesizers 21
2.4 FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER FOR WIRELESS TRANSCEIVERS 22
2.5 OTHER APPLICATIONS OF PLL AND FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER 24
REFERENCES 26
3 PLL Frequency Synthesizer 31
3.1 PLL FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER BASICS 31
3.1.1 Basic building blocks of charge-pump PLL 31
3.1.2 Continuous-time linear phase analysis 34
3.1.3 Locking time 44
3.1.4 Tracking and acquisition 56
3.2 FAST-LOCKING TECHNIQUES 58
3.2.1 Bandwidth gear-shifting 58
3.2.2 VCO pre-tuning 60
3.3 DISCRETE-TIME ANALYSIS AND NONLINEAR MODELING 60
3.3.1 z-domain transfer function and stability analysis 60
3.3.2 Nonlinear dynamic behavior modeling 62
3.4 DESIGN EXAMPLE：2.4GHz INTEGER-N PLL FOR BLUETOOTH 62
REFERENCES 65
4 ∑△ Fractional-N PLL Synthesizer 69
4.1 ∑△ FRACTIONAL-N FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER 69
4.1.1 ∑△ quantization noise to phase noise mapping 70
4.1.2 ∑△ quantization noise to timing jitter mapping 73
4.2 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIGITAL ∑△ MODULATORS 73
4.2.1 Design considerations 73
4.2.2 Four types of digital ∑△ modulators 74
4.2.3 Summary of comparative study 87
4.3 OTHER APPLICATIONS OF ∑△-PLL 90
4.3.1 Direct digital modulation 90
4.3.2 Frequency-to-digital conversion 91
4.4 MODELING AND SIMULATION OF ∑△-PLL 92
4.5 DESIGN EXAMPLE：900MHz ∑△-PLL FOR GSM 95
REFERENCES 98
5 Enhanced Phase Switching Prescaler 103
5.1 PRESCALER ARCHITECTURE 103
5.1.1 Conventional prescaler 103
5.1.2 Phase switching prescaler 105
5.1.3 Injection-locked prescaler 107
5.1.4 Summary and comparison of prescalers 107
5.2 ENHANCED PHASE-SWITCHING PRESCALER 108
5.3 CIRCUIT DESIGN AND SIMULATION RESULTS 110
5.3.1 Eight 45°-spaced phases generation 110
5.3.2 8-to-1 multiplexer 111
5.3.3 Switching control circuit 112
5.3.4 Asynchronous frequency divider 113
5.4 DELAY BUDGET IN THE SWITCHING CONTROL LOOP 115
5.5 SPURS DUE TO NONIDEAL 45° PHASE SPACING 117
REFERENCES 123
6 Loop Filter With Capacitance Multiplier 127
6.1 LOOP FILTER ARCHITECTURE 127
6.1.1 Passive loop filter 127
6.1.2 Dual-path loop filter 128
6.1.3 Sample-reset loop filter 131
6.1.4 Other loop filter architectures 133
6.1.5 Summary and comparison of loop filters 137
6.2 LOOP FILTER AND CHARGE-PUMP NOISE MAPPING 138
6.3 LOOP FILTER WITH CAPACITANCE MULTIPLIER 141
6.3.1 Third-order passive loop filter 141
6.3.2 Capacitance multiplier 142
6.3.3 Simulation of loop filter with capacitance multiplier 145
6.3.4 Noise consideration 148
REFERENCES 149
7 Other Building Blocks of PLL 151
7.1 VCO 151
7.1.1 LC-VCO 151
7.1.2 Varactor 152
7.1.3 Inductor 155
7.1.4 VCO phase noise 156
7.1.5 Layout 161
7.2 PHASE-FREQUENCY DETECTOR 162
7.3 CHARGE-PUMP 164
7.3.1 Reference spur 164
7.3.2 Charge pump architectures 171
7.4 PROGRAMMABLE DIVIDER 173
7.5 DIGITAL ∑△ MODULATOR 176
7.6 CHIP LAYOUT 176
REFERENCES 178
8 Prototype Measurement Results 183
8.1 PRESCALER MEASUREMENT 183
8.2 LOOP FILTER MEASUREMENT 186
8.3 PLL MEASUREMENT 188
REFERENCES 194
9 Conclusions 195
Appendix 199
Index 213