Chapter One Introduction 1
Chapter Two Learner Factors Affecting Learning Outcomes2.1 Age 5
2.2 Intelligence and Aptitude 9
2.3 Attitude and Motivation 12
2.4 Cognitive Styles 15
2.5 Personality 17
2.6 Learning Strategies 21
Summary 23
Chapter Three Learning Strategies 25
3.1 Definition of Learning Strategies 25
3.2 Types of Learning Strategies 29
3.3 How Learning Strategies Exert Their Influence on Learning Process 34
Summary 36
Chapter Four Theories of Listening Comprehension 36
4.1 The Definition of Listening Comprehension 37
4.2 The Features of Listening Comprehension 38
4.3 The Process of Listening Comprehension 40
4.4 The Classification of Listening Comprehension 47
4.5 Listening Materials 48
Summary 56
Chapter Five Listening Problems Confronting Learners5.1 Some Factors and the Related Strategies in Theory 57
5.2 The Reported Problems Confronting Listeners in Practice 66
Summary 77
Chapter Six Literature Review and Research Methods6.1 Research Review 79
6.2 Method and Objectives 90
6.3 Subjects 92
6.4 Instruments 93
6.5 Data Collection and Analysis Process 95
Summary 96
Chapter Seven Data Analysis and Discussion 97
7.1 Students'Attitude towards English Learning and Listening Strategies 97
7.2 Overall Strategy Use by Students 99
7.3 Strategy Use by University Major 110
7.4 Strategy Use by Gender 125
7.6 Listening Strategies Instruction by Teachers 140
7.7 Comparison between Students and Teachers in Listening Strategy Use and Instruction 146
Summary 151
Chapter Eight The Effect of Listening Strategy Instruction on Listening Comprehension8.1 Significance of the Study 152
8.2 Research Methodology 154
8.3 Results 164
8.4 Discussion 171
Summary 175
Chapter Nine Conclusions 176
9.1 Conclusions 176
9.2 Implications 178
9.3 Limitations 180
Bibliography 181
Appendix 194