HUMANS AND SUSTAINABILITY：AN OVERVIEW 2
1 Environmental Problems，Their Causes，and Sustainability 2
Key Questions 3
CORE CASE STUDY A Vision of a More Sustainable World in 2065 4
1-1 What Are Some Principles of Sustainability？ 5
1-2 How Are Our Ecological Footprints Affecting the Earth？ 10
CASE STUDY China’s Growing Number of Affluent Consumers 14
1-3 Why Do We Have Environmental Problems？ 16
1-4 What Is an Environmentally Sustainable Society？ 21
individuals matter Tuy Sereivathana：Elephant Protector 22
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER A Vision of a More Sustainable Earth 24
Chapter Review 24
Critical Thinking 25
Doing Environmental Science 26
Global Environment Watch Exercise 26
Ecological Footprint Analysis 27
SCIENCE，ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES，AND SUSTAINABILITY 28
2 Science，Matter，Energy，and Systems 28
Key Questions 29
CORE CASE STUDY How Do Scientists Learn about Nature？Experimenting with a Forest 30
2-1 What Do Scientists Do？ 31
individuals matter Jane Goodall：Chimpanzee Researcher and Protector 33
SCIENCE FOCUS Some Revisions in a Popular Scientific Hypothesis 34
2-2 What Is Matter and What Happens When It Undergoes Change？ 35
2-3 What Is Energy and What Happens When It Undergoes Change？ 41
2-4 What Are Systems and How Do They Respond to Change？ 44
SCIENCE FOCUS The Usefulness of Models 46
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER The Hubbard Brook Forest Experiment and Sustainability 47
Chapter Review 48
Critical Thinking 48
Doing Environmental Science 49
Global Environment Watch Exercise 49
Data Analysis 49
3 Ecosystems：What Are They and How Do They Work？ 50
Key Questions 51
CORE CASE STUDY Tropical Rain Forests Are Disappearing 52
3-1 How Does the Earth’s Life-Support System Work？ 53
3-2 What Are the Major Components of an Ecosystem？ 54
SCIENCE FOCUS Many of the World’s Most Important Organisms Are Invisible to Us 58
3-3 What Happens to Energy in an Ecosystem？ 59
3-4 What Happens to Matter in an Ecosystem？ 62
SCIENCE FOCUS Water’s Unique Properties 64
3-5 How Do Scientists Study Ecosystems？ 70
SCIENCE FOCUS Testing Planetary Boundaries：From Holocene to Anthropocene 72
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER Tropical Rain Forests and Sustainability 73
Chapter Review 74
Critical Thinking 74
Doing Environmental Science 75
Global Environment Watch Exercise 75
Data Analysis 75
4 Biodiversity and Evolution 76
Key Questions 77
CORE CASE STUDY Why Are Amphibians Vanishing？ 78
4-1 What Is Biodiversity and Why Is It Important？ 79
SCIENCE FOCUS Insects Play a Vital Role in Our World 80
individuals matter Edward O.Wilson：A Champion of Biodiversity 82
4-2 How Does the Earth’s Life Change over Time？ 83
CASE STUDY How Did Humans Become Such a Powerful Species？ 84
4-3 How Do Geological Processes and Climate Change Affect Evolution？ 86
4-4 How Do Speciation，Extinction，and Human Activities Affect Biodiversity？ 87
SCIENCE FOCUS Changing the Genetic Traits of Populations 89
4-5 What Is Species Diversity and Why Is It Important？ 90
4-6 What Roles Do Species Play in Ecosystems？ 91
CASE STUDY The Giant Panda—A Highly Endangered Specialist 92
SCIENCE FOCUS Scientists Are Searching for the Causes of Amphibian Declines 94
CASE STUDY The American Alligator—A Keystone Species That Almost Went Extinct 95
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER Amphibians and Sustainability 96
Chapter Review 97
Critical Thinking 97
Doing Environmental Science 98
Global Environment Watch Exercise 98
Data Analysis 98
5 Biodiversity，Species Interactions，and Population Control 100
Key Questions 101
CORE CASE STUDY The Southern Sea Otter：A Species in Recovery 102
5-1 How Do Species Interact？ 103
SCIENCE FOCUS Threats to Kelp Forests 105
5-2 How Do Communities and Ecosystems Respond to Changing Environmental Conditions？ 109
5-3 What Limits the Growth of Populations？ 111
SCIENCE FOCUS Why Do California’s Southern Sea Otters Face an Uncertain Future？ 114
CASE STUDY Exploding White-Tailed Deer Populations in the United States 114
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER Southern Sea Otters and Sustainability 117
Chapter Review 117
Critical Thinking 118
Doing Environmental Science 118
Global Environment Watch Exercise 119
Data Analysis 119
6 The Human Population and Its Impact 120
Key Questions 121
CORE CASE STUDY Planet Earth：Population 7 Billion 122
6-1 How Do Environmental Scientists Think about Human Population Growth？ 123
SCIENCE FOCUS How Long Can the Human Population Keep Growing？ 124
6-2 What Factors Influence the Size of the Human Population？ 126
CASE STUDY The U.S.Population—Third-Largest and Growing 126
SCIENCE FOCUS Projecting Population Change 130
6-3 How Does a Population’s Age Structure Affect Its Growth or Decline？ 131
CASE STUDY The American Baby Boom 132
6-4 How Can We Slow Human Population Growth？ 134
CASE STUDY Slowing Population Growth in India 136
CASE STUDY Slowing Population Growth in China：A Success Story 137
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER World Population Growth and Sustainability 139
Chapter Review 139
Critical Thinking 140
Doing Environmental Science 140
Global Environment Watch Exercise 141
Data Analysis 141
7 Climate and Biodiversity 142
Key Questions 143
CORE CASE STUDY A Temperate Deciduous Forest 144
7-1 What Factors Influence Climate？ 145
7-2 How Does Climate Affect the Nature and Location of Biomes？ 148
SCIENCE FOCUS Staying Alive in the Desert 152
7-3 How Have Human Activities Affected the World’s Terrestrial Ecosystems？ 159
individuals matter J.Michael Fay：Defender of Threatened Wild Places and National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence 161
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER A Temperate Deciduous Forest and Sustainability 163
Chapter Review 163
Critical Thinking 164
Doing Environmental Science 164
Global Environment Watch Exercise 164
Data Analysis 165
8 Aquatic Biodiversity 166
Key Questions 167
CORE CASE STUDY Why Should We Care about Coral Reefs？ 168
8-1 What Is the General Nature of Aquatic Systems？ 169
8-2 Why Are Marine Aquatic Systems Important？ 170
SCIENCE FOCUS We Are Still Learning about the Ocean’s Biodiversity 175
8-3 How Have Human Activities Affected Marine Ecosystems？ 175
CASE STUDY The Chesapeake Bay—An Estuary in Trouble 177
8-4 Why Are Freshwater Ecosystems Important？ 178
CASE STUDY River Deltas and Coastal Wetlands—Vital Components of Natural Capital Now in Jeopardy 181
individuals matter Alexandra Cousteau：Environmental Advocate，Filmmaker，and National Geographic Emerging Explorer 183
8-5 How Have Human Activities Affected Freshwater Ecosystems？ 184
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER Coral Reefs and Sustainability 185
Chapter Review 185
Critical Thinking 186
Doing Environmental Science 186
Global Environment Watch Exercise 187
Data Analysis 187
SUSTAINING BIODIVERSITY 188
9 Sustaining Biodiversity：Saving Species and Ecosystem Services 188
Key Questions 189
CORE CASE STUDY Where Have All the Honeybees Gone？ 190
9-1 What Role Do Humans Play in the Loss of Species and Ecosystem Services？ 191
SCIENCE FOCUS Estimating Extinction Rates 192
9-2 Why Should We Care about Sustaining Species and the Ecosystem Services They Provide？ 194
9-3 How Do Humans Accelerate Species Extinction and Degradation of Ecosystem Services？ 197
CASE STUDY The Kudzu Vine and Kudzu Bugs 199
CASE STUDY Burmese Pythons Are Eating Their Way through the Florida Everglades 200
SCIENCE FOCUS Honeybee Losses：A Search for Causes 203
CASE STUDY Polar Bears and Climate Change 203
CASE STUDY A Disturbing Message from the Birds 205
individuals matter Cagan Hakki Sekercioglu：Protector of Birds and National Geographic Emerging Explorer 207
9-4 How Can We Sustain Wild Species and Their Ecosystem Services？ 208
CASE STUDY The U.S.Endangered Species Act 208
CASE STUDY Protecting Honeybees and Other Pollinators 212
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER Honeybees and Sustainability 213
Chapter Review 213
Critical Thinking 214
Doing Environmental Science 215
Global Environment Watch Exercise 215
Data Analysis 215
10 Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity：Saving Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services 216
Key Questions 217
CORE CASE STUDY Costa Rica—A Global Conservation Leader 218
10-1 What Are the Major Threats to Forest Ecosystems？ 219
SCIENCE FOCUS Putting a Price Tag on Nature’s Ecosystem Services 221
CASE STUDY Many Cleared Forests in the United States Have Grown Back 224
10-2 How Should We Manage and Sustain Forests？ 226
SCIENCE FOCUS Certifying Sustainably Grown Timber and Products Such as the Paper Used in This Book 228
CASE STUDY Deforestation and the Fuelwood Crisis 229
10-3 How Should We Manage and Sustain Grasslands？ 231
CASE STUDY Grazing and Urban Development in the American West—Cows or Condos？ 232
10-4 How Should We Manage and Sustain Parks and Nature Reserves？ 233
CASE STUDY Stresses on U.S.Public Parks 233
CASE STUDY Identifying and Protecting Biodiversity in Costa Rica 234
SCIENCE FOCUS Reintroducing the Gray Wolf to Yellowstone National Park 235
10-5 What Is the Ecosystem Approach to Sustaining Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services？ 237
CASE STUDY Madagascar：An Endangered Center of Biodiversity 238
individuals matter Luke Dollar：A National Geographic Emerging Explorer Working to Save Biodiversity in Madagascar 240
SCIENCE FOCUS Ecological Restoration of a Tropical Dry Forest in Costa Rica 241
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER Sustaining Costa Rica’s Biodiversity 243
Chapter Review 243
Critical Thinking 244
Doing Environmental Science 245
Global Environment Watch Exercise 245
Ecological Footprint Analysis 245
11 Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 246
Key Questions 247
CORE CASE STUDY The Plight of Sea Turtles 248
11-1 What Are the Major Threats to AquaticBiodiversity and Ecosystem Services？ 249
SCIENCE FOCUS How Invasive Carp Have Muddied Some Waters 251
SCIENCE FOCUS Ocean Acidification：The Other CO2 Problem 252
CASE STUDY The Great Jellyfish Invasion 256
CASE STUDY Why Should We Protect Sharks？ 257
11-2 How Can We Protect and Sustain Marine Biodiversity？ 259
individuals matter Sylvia Earle—Ocean Protector and National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence 262
11-3 How Should We Manage and Sustain Marine Fisheries？ 263
11-4 How Should We Protect and Sustain Wetlands？ 265
CASE STUDY Can We Restore the Florida Everglades？ 266
11-5 How Should We Protect and Sustain Freshwater Lakes，Rivers，and Fisheries？ 268
CASE STUDY Can the Great Lakes Survive Repeated Invasions by Alien Species？ 268
11-6 What Should Be Our Priorities for Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity？ 271
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER Sea Turtles and Sustainability 272
Chapter Review 272
Critical Thinking 273
Doing Environmental Science 274
Global Environment Watch Exercise 274
Ecological Footprint Analysis 274
SUSTAINING NATURAL RESOURCES 276
12 Food Production and the Environment 276
Key Questions 277
CORE CASE STUDY Growing Power—An Urban Food Oasis 278
12-1 What Is Food Security and Why Is It Difficult to Attain？ 279
12-2 How Is Food Produced？ 280
CASE STUDY Industrialized Food Production in the United States—The First Green Revolution 284
12-3 What Environmental Problems Arise from Industrialized Food Production？ 287
SCIENCE FOCUS Soil Is the Foundation of Life on Land 290
12-4 How Can We Protect Crops from Pests More Sustainably？ 296
CASE STUDY Ecological Surprises：The Law of Unintended Consequences 298
12-5 How Can We Improve Food Security？ 301
individuals matter Jennifer Burney：Environmental Scientist and National Geographic Emerging Explorer 303
12-6 How Can We Produce Food More Sustainably？ 304
SCIENCE FOCUS Hydroponics：Growing Crops without Soil 306
SCIENCE FOCUS The Land Institute and Perennial Polyculture 310
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER Growing Power and Sustainability 312
Chapter Review 313
Critical Thinking 314
Doing Environmental Science 314
Global Environment Watch Exercise 314
Ecological Footprint Analysis 315
13 Water Resources 316
Key Questions 317
CORE CASE STUDY The Colorado River Story 318
13-1 Will We Have Enough Usable Water？ 319
CASE STUDY Freshwater Resources in the United States 322
SCIENCE FOCUS Using Satellites to Monitor Groundwater Supplies 325
13-2 Is Groundwater a Sustainable Resource？ 326
CASE STUDY Overpumping the Ogallala 326
13-3 Can Surface Water Resources Be Expanded？ 329
CASE STUDY How Dams Can Kill an Estuary 331
13-4 Can Water Transfers Be Used to Expand Water Supplies？ 332
CASE STUDY The Aral Sea Disaster：A Glaring Example of Unintended Consequences 333
13-5 Is Desalination a Useful Way to Expand Water Supplies？ 335
13-6 How Can We Use Freshwater More Sustainably？ 335
SCIENCE FOCUS The Search for Improved Desalination Technology 336
13-7 How Can We Reduce the Threat of Flooding？ 341
individuals matter Sandra Postel：National Geographic Fellow and Freshwater Conservationist 342
CASE STUDY Living Dangerously on Floodplains in Bangladesh 343
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER The Colorado River and Sustainability 345
Chapter Review 345
Critical Thinking 346
Doing Environmental Science 347
Global Environment Watch Exercise 347
Ecological Footprint Analysis 347
14 Nonrenewable Mineral Resources 348
Key Questions 349
CORE CASE STUDY The Crucial Importance of Rare-Earth Metals 350
14-1 What Are the Earth’s Major Geological Processes and What Are Mineral Resources？ 351
14-2 How Long Might Supplies of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Last？ 353
14-3 What Are the Environmental Effects of Using Nonrenewable Mineral Resources？ 357
CASE STUDY The Real Cost of Gold 360
14-4 How Can We Use Mineral Resources More Sustainably？ 361
SCIENCE FOCUS The Nanotechnology Revolution 362
SCIENCE FOCUS Graphene：A Revolutionary Material 363
14-5 What Are the Earth’s Major Geological Hazards？ 364
individuals matter Yu-Guo Guo：Designer of Nanotechnology Batteries and National Geographic Emerging Explorer 365
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER Rare-Earth Metals and Sustainability 369
Chapter Review 370
Critical Thinking 370
Doing Environmental Science 371
Global Environment Watch Exercise 371
Data Analysis 371
15 Nonrenewable Energy 372
Key Questions 373
CORE CASE STUDY Is the United States Entering a New Oil and Natural Gas Era？ 374
15-1 What Is Net Energy and Why Is It Important？ 375
15-2 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Oil？ 376
SCIENCE FOCUS Removing Tightly Held Oil and Natural Gas by Drilling Sideways and Fracking 378
CASE STUDY Oil Production and Consumption in the United States 379
15-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Natural Gas？ 382
CASE STUDY Natural Gas Production and Fracking in the United States：Environmental Problems and Solutions 383
15-4 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Coal？ 385
15-5 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Nuclear Power？ 389
CASE STUDY The 2011 Nuclear Power Plant Accident in Japan 395
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER A New U.S.Oil and Natural Gas Era and Sustainability 397
Chapter Review 397
Critical Thinking 398
Doing Environmental Science 399
Global Environment Watch Exercise 399
Data Analysis 399
16 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 400
Key Questions 401
CORE CASE STUDY The Astounding Potential for Wind Power in the United States 402
16-1 Why Is Energy Efficiency an Important Energy Resource？ 403
CASE STUDY Building a Smarter and More Energy-Efficient Electrical Grid 405
SCIENCE FOCUS The Search for Better Batteries 407
individuals matter Amory B.Lovins：Sustainable Energy Leader 413
16-2 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Solar Energy？ 414
16-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Hydropower？ 420
16-4 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Wind Power？ 421
16-5 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Biomass as an Energy Source？ 424
CASE STUDY Is Biodiesel the Answer？ 425
CASE STUDY Is Ethanol the Answer？ 425
SCIENCE FOCUS Making Gasoline and Diesel Fuel from Algae and Bacteria 427
16-6 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Geothermal Energy？ 427
individuals matter Andres Ruzo—Geothermal Energy Sleuth and National Geographic Young Explorer 429
16-7 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Hydrogen as an Energy Source？ 430
SCIENCE FOCUS The Quest to Make Hydrogen Workable 431
16-8 How Can We Make the Transition to a More Sustainable Energy Future？ 432
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER Wind Power and Sustainability 436
Chapter Review 436
Critical Thinking 437
Doing Environmental Science 438
Global Environment Watch Exercise 438
Data Analysis 438
SUSTAINING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 440
17 Environmental Hazards and Human Health 440
Key Questions 441
CORE CASE STUDY Mercury’s Toxic Effects 442
17-1 What Major Health Hazards Do We Face？ 443
17-2 What Types of Biological Hazards Do We Face？ 443
CASE STUDY The Growing Global Threat from Tuberculosis 445
SCIENCE FOCUS Genetic Resistance to Antibiotics Is Increasing 446
individuals matter Hayat Sindi：Science Entrepreneur and National Geographic Emerging Explorer 448
CASE STUDY The Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic 449
CASE STUDY Malaria—The Spread of a Deadly Parasite 449
SCIENCE FOCUS Ecological Medicine：Tracking How Humans Can Get Infectious Diseases from Other Animals 450
17-3 What Types of Chemical Hazards Do We Face？ 453
CASE STUDY PCBs Are Everywhere—A Legacy from the Past 453
SCIENCE FOCUS The Controversy over BPA 456
17-4 How Can We Evaluate Chemical Hazards？ 458
CASE STUDY Protecting Children from Toxic Chemicals 459
CASE STUDY Pollution Prevention Pays 464
17-5 How Do We Perceive Risks and How Can We Avoid the Worst of Them？ 465
CASE STUDY Death from Smoking 466
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER Mercury’s Toxic Effects and Sustainability 469
Chapter Review 469
Critical Thinking 470
Doing Environmental Science 471
Global Environment Watch Exercise 471
Data Analysis 471
18 Air Pollution 472
Key Questions 473
CORE CASE STUDY South Asia’s Massive Brown Clouds 474
18-1 What Is the Nature of the Atmosphere？ 475
18-2 What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollution Problems？ 476
SCIENCE FOCUS The South Asian Brown Clouds，Melting Glaciers，and Climate Change 478
CASE STUDY Lead Is a Highly Toxic Pollutant 479
SCIENCE FOCUS Detecting Air Pollutants 482
18-3 What Is Acid Deposition and Why Is It a Problem？ 485
18-4 What Are the Major Indoor Air Pollution Problems？ 488
CASE STUDY Radioactive Radon Gas 490
18-5 What Are the Health Effects of Air Pollution？ 492
18-6 How Should We Deal with Air Pollution？ 493
18-7 How Have We Depleted Ozone in the Stratosphere and What Can We Do about It？ 497
individuals matter Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina—A Scientific Story of Expertise，Courage，and Persistence 499
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER The South Asian Brown Clouds and Sustainability 501
Chapter Review 502
Critical Thinking 502
Doing Environmental Science 503
Global Environment Watch Exercise 503
Data Analysis 503
19 Climate Disruption 504
Key Questions 505
CORE CASE STUDY Melting Ice in Greenland 506
19-1 How Is the Earth’s Climate Changing？ 507
19-2 Why Is the Earth’s Climate Changing？ 510
SCIENCE FOCUS Using Models to Project Future Changes in Atmospheric Temperatures 514
19-3 What Are the Possible Effects of a Warmer Atmosphere？ 516
individuals matter Konrad Steffen：Studying Melting Ice in Greenland 519
19-4 What Can We Do to Slow Projected Climate Disruption？ 525
SCIENCE FOCUS Have Climate Scientists Been Too Conservative？ 526
SCIENCE FOCUS Is Capturing and Storing CO2 the Answer？ 530
19-5 How Can We Adapt to Climate Change？ 536
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER Melting Ice in Greenland and Sustainability 538
Chapter Review 539
Critical Thinking 540
Doing Environmental Science 540
Global Environment Watch Exercise 540
Ecological Footprint Analysis 540
20 Water Pollution 542
Key Questions 543
CORE CASE STUDY The Gulf of Mexico’s Annual Dead Zone 544
20-1 What Are the Causes and Effects of Water Pollution？ 545
SCIENCE FOCUS Testing Water for Pollutants 548
20-2 What Are the Major Water Pollution Problems in Streams and Lakes？ 548
CASE STUDY Pollution in the Great Lakes 552
20-3 What Are the Major Pollution Problems Affecting Groundwater？ 554
CASE STUDY Arsenic in Drinking Water 555
CASE STUDY Is Bottled Water a Good Option？ 556
20-4 What Are the Major Water Pollution Problems Affecting Oceans？ 558
CASE STUDY Ocean Garbage Patches：There Is No Away 560
CASE STUDY The BP Deepwater Horizon Oil-Rig Spill 561
20-5 How Can We Deal with Water Pollution？ 562
CASE STUDY U.S.Experience with Reducing Point-Source Pollution 564
individuals matter Ashley Murray：Wastewater Engineer，Entrepreneur，and National Geographic Emerging Explorer 567
SCIENCE FOCUS Treating Sewage by Working with Nature 569
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER Dead Zones and Sustainability 570
Chapter Review 571
Critical Thinking 571
Doing Environmental Science 572
Global Environment Watch Exercise 572
Data Analysis 572
21 Solid and Hazardous Waste 574
Key Questions 575
CORE CASE STUDY E-Waste—An Exploding Problem 576
21-1 What Are Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste，and Why Are They Problems？ 577
CASE STUDY Solid Waste in the United States 578
SCIENCE FOCUS Garbology and Tracking Trash 580
21-2 How Should We Deal with Solid Waste？ 580
21-3 Why Are Refusing，Reducing，Reusing，and Recycling So Important？ 582
individuals matter Mike Biddle’s Contribution to Plastics Recycling 586
SCIENCE FOCUS Bioplastics 587
21-4 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Burning or Burying Solid Waste？ 587
21-5 How Should We Deal with Hazardous Waste？ 590
CASE STUDY Recycling E-Waste 591
CASE STUDY Hazardous Waste Regulation in the United States 595
21-6 How Can We Make the Transition to a More Sustainable Low-Waste Society？ 596
CASE STUDY Industrial Ecosystems：Copying Nature 598
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER E-Waste and Sustainability 600
Chapter Review 601
Critical Thinking 602
Doing Environmental Science 602
Global Environment Watch Exercise 602
Ecological Footprint Analysis 603
22 Urbanization and Sustainability 604
Key Questions 605
CORE CASE STUDY Portland，Oregon：Urban Sustainability in Action 606
22-1 What Are the Major Population Trends in Urban Areas？ 607
CASE STUDY Urbanization in the United States 608
22-2 What Are the Major Urban Resource and Environmental Problems？ 611
CASE STUDY Mexico City 614
22-3 How Does Transportation Affect Urban Environmental Impacts？ 615
22-4 How Important Is Urban Land-Use Planning？ 619
22-5 How Can Cities Become More Sustainable and Livable？ 621
SCIENCE FOCUS Sustainable Community Development—A Key to Global Sustainability 623
SCIENCE FOCUS Urban Indoor Farming 624
CASE STUDY The Eco-City Concept in Curitiba，Brazil 625
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER Portland，Oregon，and Sustainability 627
Chapter Review 627
Critical Thinking 628
Doing Environmental Science 628
Global Environment Watch Exercise 629
Ecological Footprint Analysis 629
SUSTAINING HUMAN SOCIETIES 630
23 Economics，Environment，and Sustainability 630
Key Questions 631
CORE CASE STUDY Germany：Using Economics to Spur a Shift to Renewable Energy 632
23-1 How Are Economic Systems Related to the Biosphere？ 633
23-2 How Can We Estimate the Values of Natural Capital，Pollution Control，and Resource Use？ 636
23-3 How Can We Use Economic Tools to Deal with Environmental Problems？ 639
23-4 How Can Reducing Poverty Help Us to Deal with Environmental Problems？ 644
CASE STUDY Microlending 645
individuals matter Sasha Kramer：Ecologist and National Geographic Emerging Explorer 646
23-5 How Can We Make the Transition to More Environmentally Sustainable Economies？ 648
individuals matter Ray Anderson 650
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER Germany’s Transition and Sustainability 652
Chapter Review 653
Critical Thinking 654
Doing Environmental Science 654
Global Environment Watch Exercise 655
Data Analysis 655
24 Politics，Environment，and Sustainability 656
Key Questions 657
CORE CASE STUDY The Greening of American Campuses 658
24-1 What Is the Role of Government in Making the Transition to More Sustainable Societies？ 659
24-2 How Is Environmental Policy Made？ 661
SCIENCE FOCUS Science and Politics—Principles and Procedures 664
24-3 What Is the Role of Environmental Law in Dealing with Environmental Problems？ 665
individuals matter Denis Hayes—A Practical Environmental Visionary 666
CASE STUDY U.S.Environmental Laws 667
24-4 What Are the Major Roles of Environmental Groups？ 669
individuals matter Anjali Appadurai：A College Student Who Electrified a United Nations Conference 670
CASE STUDY The Natural Resources Defense Council 671
CASE STUDY The Environmental Transformation of Chattanooga，Tennessee 672
24-5 How Can We Improve Global Environmental Security？ 674
individuals matter Saleem Ali：Environmental Scientist，Mediator，and National Geographic Emerging Explorer 677
24-6 How Can We Implement More Sustainable and Just Environmental Policies？ 678
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER Greening College Campuses and Sustainability 679
Chapter Review 679
Critical Thinking 680
Doing Environmental Science 681
Global Environment Watch Exercise 681
Data Analysis 681
25 Environmental Worldviews，Ethics，and Sustainability 682
Key Questions 683
CORE CASE STUDY Biosphere 2—A Lesson in Humility 684
25-1 What Are Some Major Environmental Worldviews？ 685
CASE STUDY Managing Public Lands in the United States—Stewardship in Action 686
25-2 What Is the Role of Education in Living More Sustainably？ 690
individuals matter Aldo Leopold 694
25-3 How Can We Live More Sustainably？ 695
CASE STUDY Rebuilding Greensburg，Kansas：From Ruin to Sustainability 697
individuals matter Lester R.Brown：Champion of Sustainability 698
TYING IT ALL TOGETHER Biosphere 2 and Sustainability 701
Chapter Review 701
Critical Thinking 702
Doing Environmental Science 703
Global Environment Watch Exercise 703
Ecological Footprint Analysis 703
SUPPLEMENTS 705
1 Measurement Units 705
2 Reading Graphs and Maps 706
3 Environmental History of the United States 710
4 Some Basic Chemistry 716
5 Weather Basics：El Nino，Tornadoes，and Tropical Cyclones 723
6 Maps and Map Analysis 728
7 Environmental Data and Data Analysis 769
GLOSSARY 775
INDEX 787