Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1 objectives and Description of Basin Modeling 1
2 Basin Modeling Scope 2
3 Development History of Basin Modeling 5
3.1 History of Basin Modeling Development in the World 6
3.2 History of Basin Modeling Development in China 8
3.3 Comparison of Basin Modeling Technologies both China-made and Overseas-made 9
4 Future Development Trend of Basin Modeling 11
4.1 System Size 11
4.2 Method Breakthrough 11
4.3 Software Architecture 12
4.4 Main Problem to be Tackled Ahead 12
Exercises 13
Chapter 2 Generality of Basin Modeling System 14
1 Input Parameters 15
1.1 Input Parameters of Geohistory Model 15
1.2 Input Parameters of Geothermal History Model 15
1.3 Input Parameters of Hydrocarbon Generation History Model 16
1.4 Input Parameters of Hydrocarbon Expulsion History Model 16
1.5 Input Parameters of Hydrocarbon Migration-accumulation History Model 16
1.6 Input Parameters of the Parameter Sensitivity and Risk Analyses of Basin Modeling 17
2 Modeling Methods 17
3 Output Graphics 20
3.1 Graphics of Geohistory Model 21
3.2 Graphics of Geothermal History Model 21
3.3 Graphics of Hydrocarbon Generation History Model 21
3.4 Graphics of Hydrocarbon Expulsion History Model 22
3.5 Graphics of Hydrocarbon Migration-accumulation History Model 22
3.6 Graphics of the Parameter Sensitivity and Risk Analyses of Basin Modeling 23
3.7 Graphics of Integrated Petroleum Resource Evaluation 23
Exercises 23
Chapter 3 Geohistory Model 24
1 Backstripping(for normal-compacted formations) 26
1.1 Prediction of the Maximum Buried Depth in History 30
1.2 Without Considering Erosion or Fault 33
1.3 With Erosion Considered 34
1.4 With Fault Considered 38
1.5 With both Erosion and Fault Considered 42
1.6 With Paleo-bathymetry Considered 42
1.7 Infill of the Burial Points 44
2 Overpressure (for under-compacted formations) 52
2.1 Non-overpressure Formation 53
2.2 Overpressure Formation 53
2.3 Overpressure Equation 53
2.4 Thickness Equation 56
2.5 Solution of Overpressure Equation 57
2.6 Solution of Thickness Equation 60
2.7 Calculation of Overpressure History and Thickness History 60
3 Combination of Backstripping and Overpressure 63
4 Tectonic Subsidence 63
5 Balanced Cross Section Technique 65
5.1 Basic Principle 66
5.2 Geometric Model of Structural Deformation 66
5.3 Restoration of Deformed Structure 67
Exercises 69
Chapter 4 Geothermal History Model 71
1 Algorithm with the Known Geothermal Gradient History 73
2 Algorithm with the Known Heatflow History 74
3 Two Methods to Estimate Present Heatflow 75
3.1 Statistics Method 75
3.2 Thermal Conduction Method 80
4 Combination of Geothermics and Geochemistry 81
4.1 Calculation of Heatflow History for Each Zone 81
4.2 Calculation of Well Temperature History 85
5 Other Geochemical Data Except for R。 89
5.1 Isomerization of Sterane or Hopane 90
5.2 Aromatization of Sterane 91
5.3 Areal Track Number Density of Fission Scar Tracks in Apatite 91
5.4 Average Track Length of Fission Scar Tracks in Apatite 92
5.5 Distribution of Track Lengths of Fission Scar Tracks in Apatite 92
6 Geothermics 93
6.1 McKenzie Method 93
6.2 Falvey Method 95
7 Diagenetic History 96
7.1 Smectite to Illite Transformation 97
7.2 Quartz Cementation 100
Exercises 104
Chapter 5 Hydrocarbon Generation History Model 105
1 Hydrocarbon Maturity History 106
1.1 TTI-R。 106
1.2 Kinetic Equations 115
1.3 Easy R。 129
1.4 Isomerization Index of Sterane and Hopane 130
2 Hydrocarbon Yield History 135
2.1 Calculation of the Hydrocarbon Yield Based on R。History 135
2.2 Calculation of the Hydrocarbon Yield Based on Transformation Ratio History 146
2.3 Calculation of Total Organic Carbon(TOC) 149
2.4 Calculation of Hydrocarbon Saturation 149
Exercises 152
Chapter 6 Hydrocarbon Expulsion History Model 153
1 Compaction-filtration Method for Oil Expulsion 155
1.1 Oil Expulsion Coefficient 155
1.2 Oil Expulsion Concentration 159
1.3 Amount of Expelled Oil 160
2 Pressure-difference-filtration Method for Oil Expulsion 164
2.1 At the Threshold of Oil Generation 167
2.2 After the Threshold of Oil Generation 168
2.3 Amount of Expelled Oil 170
3 Mass Balance Method for Gas Expulsion 170
3.1 Gas Expulsion Concentration 171
3.2 Amount of Expelled Gas 175
4 Mechanics of Fluid Flow Through Porous Media for Hydrocarbon Expulsion 176
5 Hydrocarbon Expulsion Direction 179
5.1 Normal Direction Method 179
5.2 Darcy’s Law Method 180
Exercises 182
Chapter 7 Hydrocarbon Migration-accumulation History Model 184
1 Present Fluid Potential of 3-phase(water，oil，gas) 187
1.1 Water Potential Formula 187
1.2 Oil Potential Formula 189
1.3 Gas Potential Formula 189
1.4 Application of Present Fluid Potential 190
2 Simplified Method of Pseudo 3-D(x，y，formation thickness)and 2-phase(oil，gas)History Simulation 192
2.1 Rule of the Distribution of Hydrocarbon Expelled from Source Rock Formation 193
2.2 Hydrocarbon Column Height 195
2.3 Hydrocarbon Accumulation Concentration 197
2.4 Amount of Hydrocarbon Accumulation 197
2.5 Control of Migration Pathway 201
3 Finite Difference of 2-D(x，z)and 3-phase(water，oil，gas)History Simulation 204
3.1 Basic Equations for Fluid Flow Through Porous Media 205
3.2 3-phase(water，oil，gas)Flow Equations 206
3.3 Finite Difference Equations 206
3.4 Boundary Conditions 212
3.5 Initial Conditions 215
3.6 Fully Implicit Formulation 217
3.7 Special Processing of Simulation Area and Simulation Time 236
3.8 Control of Migration Pathway 243
3.9 Major Simulation Results 243
3.10 Derivation ofα=0.001127 245
4 Finite Volume of 3-D(x，y，z)and 3-phase(water，oil，gas)History Simulation 251
4.1 Gridding of 3-D geological volume 252
4.2 Basic Equations for Fluid Flow Through Porous Media 254
4.3 3-phase(water，oil，gas)Flow Equations 254
4.4 Finite Volume Equations 254
4.5 Boundary Conditions 259
4.6 Initial Conditions 260
4.7 Fully Implicit Formulation 260
4.8 Special Processing Of Simulation Area and Simulation Time 272
4.9 Control of Migration Pathway 272
4.10 Major Simulation Results 272
5 Discussion of Simulation Method and Algorithm 273
5.1 Dimension Selection 273
5.2 Phase Selection 274
5.3 Algorithm Selection 274
Exercises 274
Chapter 8 Parameter Sensitivity and Risk Analyses of Basin Modeling 276
1 Parameter Sensitivity Analysis 277
2 Risk Analysis of Modeling Results 280
2.1 Generation of Pseudorandom Number 280
2.2 Determination of Sensible Parameter Values 281
2.3 Calculation of Basin Modeling 282
2.4 Drawing the Probability Distribution Maps of Modeling Results 282
2.5 Risk Analysis of Modeling Results 282
2.6 Discussions about Application of Risk Analysis 284
2.7 Brief Summary 284
Exercises 285
Chapter 9 Integrated Analysis and Evaluation on Petroleum Resources 287
1 Relationship of Basin Modeling and Petroleum System 287
2 Integrated Analysis and Evaluation 289
2.1 Hydrocarbon Generation，Migration，Trapping，Accumulation，Sealing and Preservation Analyses 289
2.2 Integrated Analysis and Evaluation 292
Exercises 293
Chapter 10 Basin Modeling Software Technology 294
l Method Instruction 296
2 Data File Coding Instruction 296
3 Operation Manual 297
4 Model Exercises 297
5 Software Flowchart 298
6 Source Program 299
6.1 Hierarchy 299
6.2 English Note 299
6.3 Programming Language 301
6.4 COMMON Block 301
6.5 Independence between Calculation Program and Mapping Programs 302
Exercises 302
Table of Unit Conversion 303
Answers to all Exercises of the Book 307
1 Answers to the Exercises of Chapter 1 307
2 Answers to the Exercises of Chapter 2 308
3 Answers to the Exercises of Chapter 3 309
4 Answers to the Exercises of Chapter 4 312
5 Answers to the Exercises of Chapter 5 315
6 Answers to the Exercises of Chapter 6 316
7 Answers to the Exercises of Chapter 7 319
8 Answers to the Exercises of Chapter 8 323
9 Answers to the Exercises of Chapter 9 325
10 Answers to the Exercises of Chapter 10 326
References 327
Postscript 337