The Arduous Course of the Establishment of the People's Republic of China 1
1．China's earliest attempts at"the working class building the state anew" 2
2．"A separatist armed regime of workers and peasants" and the founding of the China Soviet Republic 9
3．From a republic of workers and peasants to a democratic republic 17
4．Striving for a democratic coalition government 25
Chapter 1 The Birth of the People's Republic and Establishment of Socialist System 39
Section 1．Finishing the Remnant Tasks of Democratic Revolution 40
1．Wiping out the remnant KMT forces and the bandits on the mainland 40
2．Peaceful liberation of Tibet 43
3．Confiscating bureaucratic capital and establishing a state-run economy 46
4．Abolishing the feudal land system 47
5．Transforming social traditions 50
Section 2．Consolidating the Newborn People's Regime 54
1．The War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea 54
2．Movement to suppress counter-revolutionary activities 60
3．Movements against the"Three Evils"and"Five Evils" 62
Section 3．Restoration of the National Economy on the Basis of Unifying Finance 65
1．Stabilizing the price of goods 65
2．Unifying financial work and economy 68
3．Adjustment of industry and commerce 70
4．Restoration and construction of infrastructure 72
5．Recovery and development of industrial and agricultural production 75
Section 4．Socialist Industrialization and Socialist Transformation Under the General Line in the Transition Period 78
1．Proposal for the general line in the transition period 78
2．Implementation of the First Five-year Plan and the preliminary basis for socialist industrialization 81
3．Socialist transformation of agriculture and handicrafts 87
4．Socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce 91
Section 5．Establishing Socialist Political Systems and Developing Education，Science，Culture and Health 94
1．Establishing the system of people's congresses 94
2．New developments of the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation 99
3．Establishing the system of regional ethnic autonomy 100
4．General reforms to education 102
5．Advancing the cause of science 106
6．Construction of ideology and culture 109
7．Health and sports transformed 115
Section 6．Progress in National Defense and Diplomacy 118
1．Toward building a standard and modern revolutionary army 118
2．Initial development of foreign relations 122
3．From the Geneva Conference to the Bandung Conference 125
Chapter 2 Socialist Construction Started on All Fronts 130
Section 1．Starting Exploring a Road of Socialism Suited to China's Realities 131
1．The starting point-"On the Ten Major Relationships" 131
2．The contribution of the Eighth CPC National Congress 135
3．The theory for correct handling of contradictions among the people 138
4．The rectif ication movement，the anti-Rightist struggle，and their serious escalation 141
Section 2．The"Great Leap Forward，"the People's Commune Movement and the Efforts to Correct"Leftist"Mistakes 145
1．The"Great Leap Forward"and the People's Commune Movement 145
2．The correction of"Leftist"mistakes 150
3．The Lushan Meeting and the switch from correcting"Leftism"to opposing Rightists 154
Section 3．The"Eight-character Policy"for Comprehensive Economic Adjustment 157
1．The"Eight-character Policy"and encouragement of investigation and study 157
2．The 60 Articles for Agriculture and other regulations 160
3．The Seven Thousand Cadres Conference 163
4．Adjustments in all fields 166
5．Preliminary reform of the economic structure 169
6．Getting through hard times by self-reliance and hard work 170
Section 4．Economic Adjustment Accomplished，Yet"Leftist"Errors Not Corrected 175
1．The First Session of the Third NPC and completion of national economic adjustment 175
2．The Third Five-year Plan and spread of"third line"construction 177
3．Re-emphasizing class struggle 179
4．Urban and rural socialist education movement 181
5．Overdone political criticism in the field of ideology 184
Section 5．Achievements in All Fields During 1956-1965 186
1．Remarkable achievements in economic construction 186
2．Breakthrough in science and technology 189
3．Culture，education，health and sports developing as their foundations laid 192
4．Progress in ethnic affairs while defending national unity 197
5．Progress in national defense and army construction 200
6．Independent foreign policy of peace 206
Chapter 3 Ten Years of"Cultural Revolution" 214
Section 1．The Launching of the"Cultural Revolution"and the Struggles Against Its Mistakes 215
1．The cause and detonating fuse of the"Cultural Revolution" 215
2．The all-round launching of the"Cultural Revolution" 217
3．"January power seizure"in Shanghai，and turmoil engulfing China 220
4．The Party and the people resisting ultra-Left mistakes 224
Section 2．Preparing for the Fourth NPC amid the Struggle with Lin Biao and Jiang Qing Groups 226
1．Establishment of revolutionary committees at all levels 226
2．The struggle to crush the scheme of Lin Biao counter-revolutionary group 227
3．Reversing"February adverse current"judgments，and criticisms of ultra-Left trend of thought 229
4．Jiang Qing's scheme to"form the cabinet"frustrated and the Fourth NPC convened 234
Section 3．Development of the Socialist Cause Despite the Damage Sustained 236
1．Preliminary construction of an independent and relatively comprehen-sive industrial and economic system 236
2．Improved conditions for farm output，and slow development of rural economy 242
3．Education，culture，health and the people's livelihood 245
4．Opposing hegemony，opening a new situation in diplomacy 248
Section 4．The Ending of the"Cultural Revolution" 254
1．Deng Xiaoping taking charge of reorganization in 1975 254
2．The movement of"Counter-attacking the Rightist Trend of Reversing Verdicts" 259
3．Crushing the"Gang of Four" 261
4．Historical lessons learnt from the"Cultural Revolution" 265
Chapter 4 The Great Historic Turn and the Start of Reform and Opening Up 271
Section 1．Setting Things Right and a Great Historic Turn 272
1．Initial results of setting things right，and recovery of the economy 272
2．Great debate on the criterion for truth 277
3．The Third Plenary Session of the 11 th CPC Central Committee 279
4．The Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China 283
Section 2．Adjustment and Structural Reform of the Economy 287
1．The adjustment-centered"Eight-character Policy" 287
2．Breakthroughs in rural reform，and rural economy growing fast 292
3．Experiments and exploration in urban economic structural reform 299
4．Opening up to the outside world taking initial shape 306
Section 3．Political Structural Reform and Development of Democracy and Legal System 311
1．Initial steps in political structural reform 311
2．A new Constitution and the First Session of the Sixth NPC 315
3．A severe crack-down on crime 319
4．The proposal and practice of"one country，two systems" 320
5．General objectives for national defense and army construction 323
Section 4．Development of Socialist Culture and Ethics 329
1．Building a socialist civilization that is culturally and ideologically advanced，the initiative and practice 329
2．Development of education，science and culture 331
3．The struggle against bourgeois liberalization 335
Section 5．Opening Up a New Situation of Independent and Peaceful Diplomacy 338
1．The tortuous development of China-US relations 338
2．Growing détente in Sino-Soviet relations 340
3．All-round development of friendly relations with foreign countries 342
Section 6．The Proposition and Exploration of"Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics" 346
1．The 12th CPC National Congress and the proposal to"build socialism with Chinese characteristics" 346
2．The Sixth Five-year Plan 352
3．The Third Plenary Session of the 12th CPC Central Committee，and its Decision on Reform of the Economic Structure 355