1 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY 1
1.1 Introduction to Microwave Engineering 1
Applications of Microwave Engineering 2
A Short History of Microwave Engineering 3
1.2 Maxwell’s Equations 5
1.3 Fields in Media and Boundary Conditions 9
Fields at a General Material Interface 11
Fields at a Dielectric Interface 13
Fields at the Interface with a Perfect Conductor （Electric Wall） 13
The Magnetic Wall Boundary Condition 14
The Radiation Condition 14
1.4 The Wave Equation and Basic Plane Wave Solutions 14
The Helmholtz Equation 14
Plane Waves in a Lossless Medium 15
Plane Waves in a General Lossy Medium 16
Plane Waves in a Good Conductor 18
1.5 General Plane Wave Solutions 19
Circularly Polarized Plane Waves 23
1.6 Energy and Power 24
Power Absorbed by a Good Conductor 26
1.7 Plane Wave Reflection from a Media Interface 27
General Medium 28
Lossless Medium 29
Good Conductor 30
Perfect Conductor 32
The Surface Impedance Concept 32
1.8 Oblique Incidence at a Dielectric Interface 34
Parallel Polarization 35
Perpendicular Polarization 36
Total Reflection and Surface Waves 38
1.9 Some Useful Theorems 40
The Reciprocity Theorem 40
Image Theory 42
2 TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY 49
2.1 The Lumped-Element Circuit Model for a Transmission Line 49
Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line 51
The Lossless Line 52
2.2 Field Analysis of Transmission Lines 52
Transmission Line Parameters 52
The Telegrapher Equations Derived from Field Analysis of a Coaxial Line 55
Propagation Constant，Impedance，and Power Flow for the Lossless Coaxial Line 57
2.3 The Terminated Lossless Transmission Line 57
Special Cases of Lossless Terminated Lines 60
2.4 The Smith Chart 64
The Combined Impedance-Admittance Smith Chart 68
The Slotted Line 69
2.5 The Quarter-Wave Transformer 73
The Impedance Viewpoint 73
The Multiple Reflection Viewpoint 75
2.6 Generator and Load Mismatches 77
Load Matched to Line 78
Generator Matched to Loaded Line 78
Conjugate Matching 78
2.7 Lossy Transmission Lines 79
The Low-Loss Line 79
The Distortionless Line 81
The Terminated Lossy Line 82
The Perturbation Method for Calculating Attenuation 83
The Wheeler Incremental Inductance Rule 84
3 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES 91
3.1 General Solutions for TEM，TE，and TM Waves 92
TEM Waves 94
TE Waves 96
TM Waves 96
Attenuation Due to Dielectric Loss 97
3.2 Parallel Plate Waveguide 98
TEM Modes 99
TM Modes 100
TE Modes 103
3.3 Rectangular Waveguide 106
TE Modes 106
TM Modes 111
TEm0 Modes of a Partially Loaded Waveguide 115
3.4 Circular Waveguide 117
TE Modes 118
TM Modes 121
3.5 Coaxial Line 126
TEM Modes 126
Higher Order Modes 127
3.6 Surface Waves on a Grounded Dielectric Slab 131
TM Modes 131
TE Modes 134
3.7 Stripline 137
Formulas for Propagation Constant，Characteristic Impedance，and Attenuation 138
An Approximate Electrostatic Solution 140
3.8 Microstrip 143
Formulas for Effective Dielectric Constant，Characteristic Impedance，and Attenuation 144
An Approximate Electrostatic Solution 146
3.9 The Transverse Resonance Technique 149
TE0n Modes of a Partially Loaded Rectangular Waveguide 150
3.10 Wave Velocities and Dispersion 151
Group Velocity 151
3.11 Summary of Transmission Lines and Waveguides 154
Other Types of Lines and Guides 154
4 MICROWAVE NETWORK ANALYSIS 161
4.1 Impedance and Equivalent Voltages and Currents 162
Equivalent Voltages and Currents 162
The Concept of Impedance 166
Even and Odd Properties of Z（ω） and Γ（ω） 169
4.2 Impedance and Admittance Matrices 170
Reciprocal Networks 171
Lossless Networks 173
4.3 The Scattering Matrix 174
Reciprocal Networks and Lossless Networks 177
A Shift in Reference Planes 180
Generalized Scattering Parameters 181
4.4 The Transmission （ABCD） Matrix 183
Relation to Impedance Matrix 185
Equivalent Circuits for Two-Port Networks 186
4.5 Signal Flow Graphs 189
Decomposition of Signal Flow Graphs 190
Application to TRL Network Analyzer Calibration 193
4.6 Discontinuities and Modal Analysis 197
Modal Analysis of an H-Plane Step in Rectangular Waveguide 199
4.7 Excitation of Waveguides—Electric and Magnetic Currents 204
Current Sheets That Excite Only One Waveguide Mode 204
Mode Excitation from an Arbitrary Electric or Magnetic Current Source 206
4.8 Excitation of Waveguides—Aperture Coupling 209
Coupling Through an Aperture in a Transverse Waveguide Wall 212
Coupling Through an Aperture in the Broad Wall of a Waveguide 214
5 IMPEDANCE MATCHING AND TUNING 222
5.1 Matching with Lumped Elements （L Networks） 223
Analytic Solutions 224
Smith Chart Solutions 225
5.2 Single-Stub Tuning 228
Shunt Stubs 228
Series Stubs 232
5.3 Double-Stub Tuning 235
Smith Chart Solution 235
Analytic Solution 238
5.4 The Quarter-Wave Transformer 240
5.5 The Theory of Small Reflections 244
Single-Section Transformer 244
Multisection Transformer 245
5.6 Binomial Multisection Matching Transformers 246
5.7 Chebyshev Multisection Matching Transformers 250
Chebyshev Polynomials 251
Design of Chebyshev Transformers 252
5.8 Tapered Lines 255
Exponential Taper 257
Triangular Taper 258
Klopfenstein Taper 258
5.9 The Bode-Fano Criterion 261
6 MICROWAVE RESONATORS 266
6.1 Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits 266
Series Resonant Circuit 266
Parallel Resonant Circuit 269
Loaded and Unloaded Q 271
6.2 Transmission Line Resonators 272
Short-Circuited λ /2 Line 272
Short-Circuited λ/4 Line 275
Open-Circuited λ/2 Line 276
6.3 Rectangular Waveguide Cavities 278
Resonant Frequencies 278
Q of the TE10e Mode 279
6.4 Circular Waveguide Cavities 282
Resonant Frequencies 282
Q of the TEnm e Mode 284
6.5 Dielectric Resonators 287
Resonant Frequencies of TE01δ Mode 287
6.6 Excitation of Resonators 291
Critical Coupling 291
A Gap-Coupled Microstrip Resonator 292
An Aperture-Coupled Cavity 296
6.7 Cavity Perturbations 298
Material Perturbations 298
Shape Perturbations 300
7 POWER DIVIDERS AND DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS 308
7.1 Basic Properties of Dividers and Couplers 308
Three-Port Networks （T- Junctions） 309
Four-Port Networks （Directional Couplers） 311
7.2 The T -Junction Power Divider 315
Lossless Divider 316
Resistive Divider 317
7.3 The Wilkinson Power Divider 318
Even-Odd Mode Analysis 319
Unequal Power Division and N-Way Wilkinson Dividers 322
7.4 Waveguide Directional Couplers 323
Bethe Hole Coupler 324
Design of Multihole Couplers 327
7.5 The Quadrature （90°） Hybrid 333
Even-Odd Mode Analysis 333
7.6 Coupled Line Directional Couplers 337
Coupled Line Theory 337
Design of Coupled Line Couplers 341
Design of Multisection Coupled Line Couplers 345
7.7 The Lange Coupler 349
7.8 The 180° Hybrid 352
Even-Odd Mode Analysis of the Ring Hybrid 354
Even-Odd Mode Analysis of the Tapered Coupled Line Hybrid 357
Waveguide Magic-T 361
7.9 Other Couplers 361
8 MICROWAVE FILTERS 370
8.1 Periodic Structures 371
Analysis of Infinite Periodic Structures 372
Terminated Periodic Structures 374
k-β Diagrams and Wave Velocities 375
8.2 Filter Design by the Image Parameter Method 378
Image Impedances and Transfer Functions for Two-Port Networks 378
Constant-k Filter Sections 380
m-Derived Filter Sections 383
Composite Filters 386
8.3 Filter Design by the Insertion Loss Method 389
Characterization by Power Loss Ratio 389
Maximally Flat Low-Pass Filter Prototype 392
Equal-Ripple Low-Pass Filter Prototype 394
Linear Phase Low-Pass Filter Prototypes 396
8.4 Filter Transformations 398
Impedance and Frequency Scaling 398
Bandpass and Bandstop Transformations 401
8.5 Filter Implementation 405
Richard’s Transformation 406
Kuroda’s Identities 406
Impedance and Admittance Inverters 411
8.6 Stepped-Impedance Low-Pass Filters 412
Approximate Equivalent Circuits for Short Transmission Line Sections 412
8.7 Coupled Line Filters 416
Filter Properties of a Coupled Line Section 416
Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filters 420
8.8 Filters Using Coupled Resonators 427
Bandstop and Bandpass Filters Using Quarter-Wave Resonators 427
Bandpass Filters Using Capacitively Coupled Series Resonators 431
Bandpass Filters Using Capacitively Coupled Shunt Resonators 433
9 NOISE AND ACTIVE RF COMPONENTS 441
9.1 Noise in Microwave Circuits 442
Dynamic Range and Sources of Noise 442
Noise Power and Equivalent Noise Temperature 444
Measurement of Noise Temperature 447
Noise Figure 448
Noise Figure of a Cascaded System 450
Noise Figure of a Passive Two-Port Network 452
Noise Figure of a Mismatched Lossy Line 453
9.2 Dynamic Range and Intermodulation Distortion 455
Gain Compression 456
Intermodulation Distortion 457
Third-Order Intercept Point 459
Dynamic Range 460
Intercept Point of a Cascaded System 462
Passive Intermodulation 464
9.3 RF Diode Characteristics 464
Schottky Diodes and Detectors 464
PIN Diodes and Control Circuits 469
Varactor Diodes 475
Other Diodes 476
9.4 RF Transistor Characteristics 477
Field Effect Transistors （FETs） 478
Bipolar Junction Transistors （BJTs） 480
9.5 Microwave Integrated Circuits 481
Hybrid Microwave Integrated Circuits 482
Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits 483
10 MICROWAVE AMPLIFIER DESIGN 491
10.1 Two-Port Power Gains 491
Definitions of Two-Port Power Gains 492
Further Discussion of Two-Port Power Gains 495
10.2 Stability 497
Stability Circles 498
Tests for Unconditional Stability 500
10.3 Single-Stage Transistor Amplifier Design 503
Design for Maximum Gain （Conjugate Matching） 503
Constant Gain Circles and Design for Specified Gain 508
Low-Noise Amplifier Design 512
10.4 Broadband Transistor Amplifier Design 516
Balanced Amplifiers 517
Distributed Amplifiers 520
10.5 Power Amplifiers 525
Characteristics of Power Amplifiers and Amplifier Classes 525
Large-Signal Characterization of Transistors 526
Design of Class A Power Amplifiers 527
11 OSCILLATORS AND MIXERS 532
11.1 RF Oscillators 533
General Analysis 533
Oscillators Using a Common Emitter BJT 534
Oscillators Using a Common Gate FET 536
Practical Considerations 537
Crystal Oscillators 539
11.2 Microwave Oscillators 540
Transistor Oscillators 542
Dielectric Resonator Oscillators 545
11.3 Oscillator Phase Noise 549
Representation of Phase Noise 549
Leeson’s Model for Oscillator Phase Noise 550
11.4 Frequency Multipliers 554
Reactive Diode Multipliers （Manley-Rowe Relations） 555
Resistive Diode Multipliers 557
Transistor Multipliers 559
11.5 Overview of Microwave Sources 563
Solid-State Sources 564
Microwave Tubes 567
11.6 Mixers 570
Mixer Characteristics 571
Single-Ended Diode Mixer 575
Single-Ended FET Mixer 577
Balanced Mixer 580
Image Reject Mixer 582
Other Mixers 584
APPENDICES 588
A Prefixes 589
B Vector Analysis 589
C Bessel Functions 591
D Other Mathematical Results 594
E Physical Constants 594
F Conductivities for Some Materials 595
G Dielectric Constants and Loss Tangents for Some Materials 595
H Properties of Some Microwave Ferrite Materials 596
I Standard Rectangular Waveguide Data 596
J Standard Coaxial Cable Data 597
ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 598
USEFUL RESULTS 600
VECTOR ANALYSIS 602
INDEX 604